Last of The Mohicans - English Literature Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4566 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Racial issues occupy the principal place in American Literature due to the prolonged racial relations between Native Americans and European colonizers. The aim of this dissertation is to compare and contrast the issue of miscegenation through the principal characters of James Fenimore Coopers The Last of the Mohicans and Catharine Maria Sedgwicks Hope Leslie. The word miscegenation, which consists of two parts miscere and genus and means a sexual racial mixture, appeared only at the end of the nineteenth century; however, this word is usually utilised in the analysis of earlier literary works.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Last of The Mohicans English Literature Dissertations" essay for you Create order Applying to a profound and realistic portrayal of gender and racial relations between Native Americans and white people in the period of Indian and French Wars, Cooper and Sedgwick introduce their own vision of Indians, implicitly maintaining the idea that miscegenation should be prohibited. In this regard, these writers reflect the existing political and social issues that shaped the attitude of white people towards Native Americans. In particular, at the end of the seventeenth century some American states passed specific laws that were aimed at forbidding miscegenation and depriving people of different races, except white population, of their political rights, violating the principles of equality. On the one hand, miscegenation might decrease the differences between two races, but, on the other hand, it was thought to aggravate these dissimilarities by removing people from their usual background and by preventing them to integrate into the new environment. According to Robert Clark (1984), Americas vision of itself was in large measure the projection of an ideal and about-to-be-realized condition, rather than an appropriation of the past in the name of reason (p.46). As a result, America became involved in complex racial tensions and conflicts that were especially negative for Native Americans. This was the main reason for Coopers and Sedgwicks rejection of miscegenation. But in the process of colonization Europeans continued to interact with Native Americans, and these interactions usually resulted in race mixtures that were further reflected in American literature. Some people made attempts to support miscegenation by pointing at the fact that such interracial relations could provide both races with necessary freedom and would allow white females to reveal their sexual desires towards males of different races. However, the existing racial prejudices and social stereotypes against miscegenation not only prevented the spread of such vision among the majority of American population, but also greatly influenced the representation of Native Americans in the nineteenth-century fiction. Being closely connected with political and social ideologies, this fiction was divided into two parts: some novels tried to maintain the status quo, as is just the case with the narrations of Sedgwick and Cooper, while other literary works pointed at the necessity of social changes. Gender relations and miscegenation in the novels America is the country that has united people of different races since the period of colonization. However, in the process of interaction colonizers made constant attempts to destroy cultural and religious beliefs of Native Americans. According to Arthur M. Schlesinger (1992), when people of different ethnic origins, speaking different languages and professing different religions, settle in the same geographic locality tribal hostilities will drive them apart (p.10). The indigenous population of the country wanted to preserve their cultural identity and opposed to the ideals of white people. Such refusal resulted in many racial conflicts and had a great impact on the attitude of White Americans towards the issue of miscegenation. In patriarchal America any relations between a white woman and a Native American were strongly prohibited, and, as Martin Barker (1993) states, it is this running concern about miscegenation with its connected fears about interracial sexual attraction that leads to death (p.27). In those times it was thought that if a person was engaged in sexual relations with a person of a different race, then both people should be killed in order to prevent the spread of miscegenation. Such complex racial relations and rejection of miscegenation are especially reflected in the novels of James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans and Catharine Maria Sedgwick Hope Leslie. As Stephanie Wardrop (1997) puts it, Coopers The Last of the Mohicans presents a world in which the mixing of races is morally repugnant and anathema to the American project of nation building (p.61). Throughout the narration Fenimore Cooper contrasts people with mixed and unmixed blood, as if wishing to reveal the differences between the characters of various races. Despite the fact that Hawkeye is culturally connected with both white people and Indians, he is presented as a person without a cross (Cooper, 1984 p.4). The same regards Alice Munro who is surprisingly fair (Cooper, 1984 p.378) and Chingachgook who is an unmixed Mohican. Contrary to these characters, Cora, the elder sister of Alice, is of mixed race, and it is she who protects her sister at the cost of her life. Belonging to the race of West Indians, Cora comes from that unfortunate class who are so basely enslaved to administer to the wants of a luxurious people (Cooper, 1984 p.310), and thus, she is prohibited to marry a person from the South. In this regard, miscegenation was treated as blameworthy in those times, and when Magua proposes Cora to marry him, she claims that the thought itself is worse than a thousand deaths (Cooper, 1984 p.124). These words prove that only Uncas and Chingachgook are presented as noble people, while all other Native Americans are regarded as cruel savages. Thats why miscegenation between a white person and an Indian was widely restricted. Although Catharine Sedgwicks Hope Leslie also reveals this restriction, she points at the possibility of miscegenation between some secondary characters. Contrary to Cooper, the writer provides a rather humane vision of Native Americans. Faith, the sister of Leslie Hope, manages to marry Oneco, the brother of a Pequoud princess Magawisca. According to Leland Person (1985), Sedgwick belongs to those American female authors who in their novels reflect how an Indian male, reverential and loving rather than possessive and authoritarian, offers a romantic contrast to the arbitrary authority of Puritan society (p.683). This can be also true in regard to Coopers narration, where the writer introduces such Indian character as Uncas with noble features and attractiveness. However, similar to Magawisca who is not able to become a wife of Everell and instead she has to regard him as her brother (Sedgwick, 1987 p.30), Uncas is also prohibited to marry Cora. Due to serious racial prejudices, Magawisca is an inappropriate match to Everell, while Hope Leslie suits for the position of Everells wife. By the end of the narration the writer shows that any marriage should be based on love, as Magawisca claims, Ye need not the lesson, ye will each be to the other a full stream of happiness. May it be fed from the fountain of love, and grow broader and deeper through all the passage of life (Sedgwick, 1987 p.333). Thus, the writer proves that some Native Americans possess wisdom and nobility; however, they are not able to unite with European Americans. Magawisca is rejected by both societies, as Wardrop (1997) claims, from the white for her association by blood with savages and from the Pequod for her association with the whites that leads her to rescue Everell (p.64). Magawisca saves the person she loves at the cost of her own rejection and isolation, but she is not able to marry him. Similar to Sedgwicks women, female characters of Cooper are divided into those who can be married and those who cannot (Baym, 1992 p.20). In this regard, racial and cultural differences are aggravated by gender stereotypes that put women in subordinate positions and make them act in accordance with the existing social and moral norms. On the example of their female characters Sedgwick and Cooper reveal that women are prohibited any freedom and equality, especially concerning their choice of marital partners. Those women, who prefer to ignore racial prejudices and assigned roles, are either rejected by society or die. This is especially true in regard to Magawisca and Cora who try to act, according to their moral values, but their attempts result in negative consequences for both women. But, above all, these women are appreciated for their racial characteristics. Alices racial purity is explained by her pure unmixed blood, while Cora, being a daughter of a Creole woman and a British soldier, is regarded as sinful. Implicitly opposing to miscegenation, Cooper prefers to kill Uncas, Cora and Magua in order to prevent an unsuitable marriage. As Terence Martin (1992) states, Fenimore Cooper cannot conceive of a marriage between the daughter of Major Munro, no matter her background, and an Indian, no matter how noble (p.63). The writer eliminates these relations, thus revealing his support for pure, unmixed marriages. As a child of miscegenation, Cora is unsuitable for both white and Indian worlds. According to Wardrop (1997), Earlier Indian romances seem to present the hero more often as half-blood, perhaps mitigating the taboo of miscegenation somewhat by presenting a hero who is at least half white (p.73). But it is the character with unmixed blood that becomes popular in further romantic literature. Although Maria Sedgwick points at the possibility of miscegenation, she still considers it inappropriate in the majority of cases. Similar to Cora, Sedgwicks character Magawisca appears to be banished from both societies, but the writer presents a more sympathetic view of both Native Americans and women concentrate[ing] more on the domestic and interpersonal than the martial [issues] (Wardrop, 1997 p.63). Cora and Magawisca are powerful and unusual women with many virtues; however, they suffer as a result of their parents miscegenation. According to John McWilliams (1995), Cora is one of those characters who show us both the limitations of societys racial and gender boundaries and the dangers of stepping over them (p.74). Cooper considers that Coras marriage to Uncas would be a threat to the existence of both societies, therefore the writer appears to have believed in the purity of the races (Barker Sabin, 1995, p.21). Their deaths are presented by Cooper as the only possible outcome, because it is better for them to die than to be rejected by their own societies. As Barker (1993) reveals, in this novel the twin deaths of Uncas and Cora prevent the reality of interracial sex with the disappearance of the Mohicans (p.27). Applying to these characters, Cooper points at the fact that miscegenation between White Americans and Native Americans is impossible, until the indigenous population adheres to the cultural and social norms of the colonizers and destroys their culture. On the other hand, the writer suggests that Cora and Uncas will be connected with each other after death, while Hawkeye opposes to this view by claiming that the spirit of the paleface has no need of food or raiment their gifts being according to the heaven of their colour (Cooper, 1984 p.346). Contrary to some other characters, Hawkeye rises against miscegenation and considers that there is no ideal bond of union (Cooper, 1984 p.348) that would result in mutual cooperation between different races. The marriage of Alice and Duncan, persons with pure blood, symbolises the subsequent spread of unmixed marriages, while the death of Uncas, the last of the Mohicans, reveals the gradual disappearance of Native Americans and the power of civilised society. As sagamore Tamenund claims at the end of the narration, The pale-faces are masters of the earth, and the time of the red-men has not yet come again (Cooper, 1984 p.350). The inability of Cora and Uncas to marry because of racial prejudices points at moral disintegration of American population. Their deaths reveal that miscegenation is considered wrong by both white people and Indians, resulting in the impossibility to achieve peace and mutual support. However, love between Uncas and Cora shows that racial prejudices are able to separate people, but they are unable to eliminate powerful feelings. The same regards Everell and Magawisca who experience certain attraction to each other, but who realise that their desires should be eliminated because of cultural and racial differences. Therefore, Sedgwick reveals that cultures control peoples lives, depriving them of the possibility to follow their own paths, because culture is connected with both private and public spheres. As a result, both Cooper and Sedgwick discuss miscegenation through political and social contexts, pointing at the fact that the relations between two races are considerably complicated by the occurred events and the established standards. As a result, such character as Hawkeye opposes to both races, claiming that to me every native, who speaks a foreign tongue, is accounted an enemy, though he may pretend to serve the king! (Cooper, 1984 p.50). He doesnt belong to either society and he doesnt believe in the possibility of miscegenation. To some extent, such viewpoint can be explained by the fact that when a person of one race integrates with a person of another race, he/she takes part in either assimilation or acculturation. However, in many cases miscegenation is mainly based on sexual mixture between people of different races, but not on cultural mixture. As a result, people are rejected by their own society and are not accepted by another society. This is just the case with Cora and Magawisca who are not allowed to be engaged in sexual relations with males of different races, because their cultures prevent them from the mixture with each other. Both Sedgwick and Cooper demonstrate that the existing stereotypes reflect the ideas of cultural purity that are closely connected with racial purity. Such vision is rather paradoxical, because even the purest race is certainly a mixture race, but White Americans prefer to ignore this particular fact, making constant attempts to achieve dominance over Native Americans. In this regard, it is easier to understand Sedgwicks and Coopers attitude towards miscegenation. Cora, as a child of two races, is considered less pure in comparison with Alice, because Cora is an embodiment of two bloods and two cultures, and it is this particular mixture that White Americans tried to prevent. They did not want to be assimilated with another culture, because in that case they would lose their dominant position over the indigenous population. In addition, such attitude was considerable shaped by political ideologies of those times; opposing to miscegenation, American rulers tried to prohibit any social changes within the country and simultaneously they utilized racial tensions and conflicts for their own benefits. It is obvious that miscegenation was a threat to the existence of white supremacy, because it eliminated specifically inspired differences between two races. The attitude towards miscegenation was also aggravated by the fact that it provided people of mixing blood with those features that were prohibited by American society. Cora greatly differs from her half-sister Alice; Cora is more powerful and independent than Alice. The same concerns Magawisca, a rather strong and wise female who takes her own decisions, which are consistent with her moral values. In this regard, women began to occupy an equal position with men or were even superior to them, and such changes couldnt be easily accepted in the patriarchal world. Miscegenation allowed women to reveal their sexual desires towards males of another race and become more independent; however, natural instincts were a norm only for men, while women were not considered to experience powerful sexual desires. It was thought unnatural for a white woman to feel compassion or love towards an Indian or a black person, and vice versa. Despite the fact that Cora is a half-Indian, she is brought up among people of white culture, thus she is prohibited to marry an Indian Uncas. Magawisca is also deprived of the opportunity to marry Everell, as Sedgwick points out that love relations between Magawisca and Everall are impossible and unnatural because of their cultural and racial differences, while the relations between Hope Leslie and Everall are natural. Miscegenation reflects the mixture of two races, of two cultures, one of which is the culture of the colonizer and another is the culture of the indigene. Thus, miscegenation was especially connected with female sexuality that was widely controlled by the state to prevent undesirable inheritance. However, women who couldnt achieve equal positions with men in political and social spheres began to readily support miscegenation. But in their novels Cooper and Sedgwick reveal that their attempts are vain; almost all female characters that interact with people of different races lose at the end. Many females understood people of other races, because their positions were similar; women, like Indians and black people, were regarded as inferior to men and they usually experienced suppression and humiliation. For women, miscegenation was the way to destroy subjugation and overcome social stereotypes. Although Magawisca is prohibited to marry Everall, her attraction towards him helps Magawisca to understand many important things and save this character at the cost of her own reputation. Cora prefers to die rather than marry a person whom she abhors. But despite such courage and independence, these female characters continue to experience social and cultural pressure that deprives them of the opportunity to choose their own path. However, the situation is different in regard to Alice, who not only survives at the end of the narration, but she is also going to marry Duncan and create another family with pure blood. The same regards Everall and Hope Leslie who finally unite with each other. Although initially Hope finds it difficult to accept a marriage of her sister Faith with a person of a different race, because she doesnt believe that Faith loves Oneco, she soon realises her mistake and agrees with her sisters choice of a marriage partner. In fact, Hope Leslie is a female character who rejects the existing social, cultural and religious norms and who is constantly blamed for her lack of passiveness, that, next to godliness, is a womans best virtue (Sedgwick, 1987 p.153). People with whom Hope Leslie interacts are not able to understand her independence, including Everell. As one female character tells Hope, you do allow yourself too much liberty of thought and word: you certainly know that we owe implicit deference to our elders and superiors; we ought to be guided by their advice, and governed by their authority (Sedgwick, 1987 p.180). However, Hope proves to be the best Christian who is able to follow her heart, even if she has to reject some religious principles to save her family and friends. Destroying certain social norms, Magawisca and Hope simultaneously ignore oversimplified assumptions in regard to people of different race. As McWilliams (1995) puts it, white culture was regarded as civilized in those times, while the culture of Native Americans was considered as savage (52-53). Thus, according to this particular viewpoint, two cultures could hardly successfully interact with each other. However, Sedgwick rises against this stereotypic vision. Close relations between Magawisca and Hope, women of different races and cultures, point at the possibility of one culture to exist with another culture. Despite the fact that Magawiscas race and religious faith differ from her own beliefs and culture, Hope is unaffected by the existing stereotypes of the seventeenth century and is able to overcome them, if she has to do so for the sake of her family. But the writer reveals that Hope still finds it difficult to interact with other Indians. The situation is different with Hopes sister Faith who is captured by indigenous people and is brought up with them. As a result, she marries an Indian Oneco and becomes greatly involved in the Indian culture. In this regard, miscegenation of these secondary characters is rather successful, because Faith changes her white culture and Christian religion into Indian culture and Catholic religion. She rejects her people and decides to live with Indians. However, other characters of the novel refuse to accept another culture and strongly oppose to miscegenation. Mrs. Grafton represents a stereotypic female who acts precisely, according to the established social norms, and who avoids any interactions with different races. For her, miscegenation is unnatural and wrong. Esther Downing is obsessed with her religion and is very subordinate to males, but she rightfully considers that marriage is not essential to the contentment, the dignity, or the happiness of a woman (Sedgwick, 1987 p.371). Similar to Mrs. Grafton, Esther avoids any contacts with people of different races and she meets Magawisca only when she attempts to convert this Indian female into Christianity. Esther opposes to any race mixture and doesnt believe that two different cultures can exist together. Opposite to these docile female characters, Magawisca is presented as a woman that rises against any cultural and racial prejudices of the seventeenth century. She possesses many virtues and tries to achieve equal position with males. Although Magawisca realises that miscegenation and racial relations are rejected by white people, she reveals devotion to some members of white culture. Nelema is another female character who, despite her anger towards the Puritans, provides help to Cradock at the cost of her life. Unlike other characters, Everell manages to maintain good relations with both Indians and his own people, but he is especially devoted to Magawisca. Though they belong to different cultures, they are very close to each other, because they ignore their racial differences. Unfortunately, miscegenation between these characters is still impossible because of the social pressure and the existing stereotypes that prevail in their societies. In Sedgwicks Hope Leslie miscegenation appears to be a powerful obstacle for the characters. Throughout the narration Everell interacts with three women Hope Leslie, Magawisca and Esther. Two of them are white, and the third woman is an Indian princess. Although Hope and Magawisca are similar in their views and values, although Magawisca saves Everell and is admired by this white male, Everell chooses Hope Leslie as his wife, being unable to perceive Magawisca as an appropriate marriage partner. Everells nature rejects her; despite admiration and desires, he is not able to establish close relations with a woman of a different race. As he claims, I might have loved her might have forgotten that nature had put barriers between us (Sedgwick, 1987 p.214). However, Everell is not able to overcome his own prejudices towards a person of another culture; these prejudices are too powerful and they continue to implicitly create barriers between Everell and Magawisca. Thus, racial mixture in Sedgwicks narration greatly depends on the possibility or impossibility of people to destroy the natural barriers. According to Person (1985), for a person who is brought up in a civilized society, it is rather difficult, even impossible, to get accustomed to the uncivilized culture of Indians, and vice versa (pp.680-682). In this regard, biological differences are not as important as cultural differences. Although Cora is half-Indian and Uncas is Indian, they are brought in different cultural environments and they are not able to marry because of these differences. Despite the fact that Hope and Faith are sisters and belong to one race, they appear to be separated by various conditions of their upbringing. The same concerns Magawisca and Everell who understand that their marriage is impossible. The marriage between Everell and Hope or Alice and Duncan is considered normal, because in these relations the characters are equal to each other. However, there is a great difference between the relations of these two pairs of white people. In the case of Alice and Duncan, the characters adhere to the traditional representation of a family, where a wife is inferior to her husband, while in the case of Hope and Everell, their union is based on the principles of equality and freedom. On the other hand, both pairs are culturally identical to each other, while miscegenation was considered as a sexual mixture of two people with different cultures. It was thought that it was impossible to create a strong family only on sexual relations; in those times cultural and religious similarities were regarded more crucial for a normal family than sex. As Calloway (1987) claims, any mixed relations were exposed to the threat of becoming degenerated (p.117). And children who appeared as a result of such relations couldnt live in the world of white people. However, if a person of different race agreed to convert to Christianity, a marriage between a white person and an Indian could be accepted by American society. Under these complex conditions, such characters as Magawisca and Everell, Cora and Uncas understand that their relations with each other will fail as soon as they interact with the rest of the world. Conclusion Analysing the issue of miscegenation through the characters of James Fenimore Coopers The Last of the Mohicans and Catharine Maria Sedgwicks Hope Leslie, the dissertation compares and contrasts the representation of racial relations between Native Americans and European Americans. Although both writers oppose to miscegenation in their novels and maintain the idea of racial purity, Sedgwick mentions the possibility of relations between white people and Indians on the example of her secondary characters. Such rejection of miscegenation responds to the existing social and cultural standards that inspired inequality between the indigenous population and European colonizers, depriving both races of freedom. Dividing their characters on mixed and unmixed people, Cooper and Sedgwick reveal that persons with pure blood were more easily accepted by American society, and thus had more possibilities to survive. However, persons with mixed blood couldnt find their places either in the world of white people or in the world of Native Americans. Such attitude can be explained by the wish of White Americans to control people of other races and prevent any social changes, while miscegenation erased any differences between two races, taking away their power and superiority. As racial relations were closely connected with gender issues in those times, miscegenation could provide females with freedom that they were deprived of. As White Americans wanted the indigenous population to conform to their own culture and religion, they were not allowed white females to be involved in sexual relations with the Native Americans, applying to different measures to prevent miscegenation. Bibliography Barker, M. (1993) First and Last Mohicans. Sight and Sound 3.8, 26-29. Barker, M. and Sabin, R. (1995) The Lasting of the Mohicans: History of an American Myth. Jackson, University Press of Mississippi. Baym, N. (1992) Feminism and American Literary History. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press. Calloway, C. G. (1987) Crown and Calumet: British Indian Relations, 1783-1815. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press. Clark, R. (1984) History and Myth in American Fiction, 1823-52. New York, St. Martins Press. Cooper, J. F. (1984) The Last of the Mohicans. 1826. New York, Lightyear. Martin, T. (1992) From Atrocity to Requiem: History in The Last of the Mohicans. In: H. Daniel Peck (ed.) New dissertations on The Last of the Mohicans. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp.60-67. McWilliams, J. (1995) The Last of the Mohicans: Civil Savagery and Savage Civility. New York, Twayne. Person, L. S. (1985) The American Eve: Miscegenation and a Feminist Frontier Fiction. American Quarterly 37.5, Winter, 668-685. Schlesinger, A. M. (1992) The Disuniting of America. New York, Norton. Sedgwick, C. M. (1987) Hope Leslie, or Early Times in the Massachusetts Colony. 1827. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press. Wardrop, S. (1997) Last of the Red Hot Mohicans: Miscegenation in the Popular American Romance. MELUS 22.2 Popular Literature and Film, Summer, 61-74.

The Myth Of The Film The Bourne Identity - 1484 Words

A myth is an unproved or untrue belief that is used to justify a social institution. The idea that a positive attitude can stave off cancer is a myth. As humans, we generally want to make sense of the world around us, myths help us to do this therefore they are compelling. Myths arise because we have a desire for easy answers and quick fixes for problems. For example, the idea that if we sleep more we will lose weight is appealing because it is straight forward, therefore people are quick to support and accept this myth. Myths come about possibly due to film or media portrayals of different situations. People believe what they see and so easily accept what they view in movies as applicable to their own lives. For example, in the film ‘The Bourne Identity’, the portrayal of amnesia is that someone who is hit on the head will forget all the details of their previous life. However this is rarely the case in reality. In the case of the myth ‘a positive attitude can stave off cancer’, people may watch movies such as ‘My Sister’s Keeper’ and see that the positive attitude of the family portra yed in the movie possibly had an impact on the prolonged the life of the girl with cancer, people want to believe this in their own lives and so this concept has become a widely believed myth. Myth’s generally begin with a kernel of truth, most myths are in fact not entirely false. The exaggeration of a kernel of truth is a way in which a myth arises. For example, in the myth that we only useShow MoreRelatedEssay about dance5531 Words   |  23 Pages Part 1 of 1  Ã‚  Multiple Choice/True False/Matching  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Score:  48  Ã‚  Ã‚  (of possible 50 points) Question 1 of 23  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Score:  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  (of possible 2 points) Which American dancer combined ballet, tap, jazz, ballroom and gymnastics in his musicals and films, which he often choreographed and directed as well as performed?    A. Fred Astaire    B. George Balanchine    C. Mark Morris D. Gene Kelly Answer Key: D Question 2 of 23  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Score:  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  (of possible 2 points) Which 20th century American

Fool Chapter 3 Free Essays

THREE OUR DARKER PURPOSE[15] â€Å"Well this is a downy lot of goose toss if I’ve ever read it,† said I. I sat on the bastard’s back, cross-legged, reading the letter he’d written to his father. â€Å"‘And my lord must understand how unjust it is that I, the issue of true passion, is shorn of respect and position while deference is given my half brother, who is the product of a bed made of duty and drudgery. We will write a custom essay sample on Fool Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now '† â€Å"It’s true,† said the bastard. â€Å"Am I not as true of shape, as sharp of mind, a – â€Å" â€Å"You’re a whiny little wanker,[16] is what you are,† said I, my brashness perhaps spurred by the weight of Drool, who was sitting on the bastard’s legs. â€Å"What did you think you would possibly gain by giving this letter to your father?† â€Å"That he might relent and give me half my brother’s title and inheritance.† â€Å"Because your mother was a better boff than Edgar’s? You’re a bastard and an idiot.† â€Å"You could not know, little man.† It was tempting then, to clout the knave across the head with Jones, or better, slit his throat with his own sword, but as much as the king might favor me, he favors the order of his power more. The murder of Gloucester’s son, no matter how deserved, would not go unpunished. But I was fast on my way to fool’s funeral anyway if I let the bastard up before his anger cooled. I’d sent Shanker Mary away in hope that any wrath that fell might pass her by. I needed a threat to stay Edmund’s hand, but I had none. I am the least powerful of all about the court. My only influence is raising others’ ire. â€Å"I do know what it is to be deprived by the accident of birth, Edmund.† â€Å"We are not the same. You are as common as field dirt. I am not.† â€Å"I could not know then, Edmund, what it is to have my title cast as an insult? If I call you bastard, and you call me fool, can we answer as men?† â€Å"No riddles, fool. I can’t feel my feet.† â€Å"Why would you want to feel your feet? Is that more of the debauchery of the ruling class I hear so much about? So blessed are you with access to the flesh’s pleasures that you have to devise ingenious perversions to get your withered, inbred plumbing to come to attention – need to feel your feet and whip the stable boy with a dead rabbit to scratch your scurvy, libidinous itch, is it?† â€Å"What are you on about, fool? I can’t feel my feet because there’s a great oaf sitting on my legs.† â€Å"Oh. Quite right, sorry. Drool, lift off a bit, but don’t let him up.† I climbed from the bastard’s back and walked to the laundry doorway where he could see me. â€Å"What you want is property and title. Do you imagine that you will get it by begging?† â€Å"The letter’s not begging.† â€Å"You want your brother’s fortune. How much better would a letter from him convince your father of your worth?† â€Å"He would never write such a letter, and besides, he does not play for favor, it is his already.† â€Å"Then perhaps the problem is moving favor from Edgar to you. The right letter from him would do it. A letter wherein he confesses his impatience with waiting for his inheritance, and asks for your help in usurping your father.† â€Å"You’re mad, fool. Edgar would never write such a letter.† â€Å"I didn’t say he would. Do you have anything written in his hand?† â€Å"I do, a letter of credit he was to grant to a wool merchant in Barking Upminster.† â€Å"Do you, sweet bastard, know what a scriptorium is?† â€Å"Aye, it’s a place in the monastery where they copy documents – bibles and such.† â€Å"And so my accident of birth is the remedy of yours, for because I hadn’t even one parent to lay claim to me, I was brought up in a nunnery that had just such a scriptorium, where, yes, they taught a boy to copy documents, but for our darker purpose, they taught him to copy it in exactly the hand that he found on the page, and the one before that, and the one before that. Letter to letter, stroke for stroke, the same hand as a man long gone to the grave.† â€Å"So you are a skilled forger? If you were raised in a nunnery how is it you are a fool and not a monk or a priest?† â€Å"How is it that you, the son of an earl, must plead mercy from under the arse of an enormous nitwit? We’re all Fate’s bastards. Shall we compose a letter, Edmund?† I’m sure I would have become a monk, but for the anchoress. The closest to court I would have come would have been praying for the forgiveness of some noble’s war crimes. Was I not reared for the monastic life from the moment Mother Basil found me squirming on the steps of the abbey at Dog Snogging[17] on the Ouze? I never knew my parents, but Mother Basil told me once that she thought my mother might have been a madwoman from the local village who had drowned in the river Ouze shortly after I appeared on the doorstep. If that were so, the abbess told me, then my mother had been touched by God (like the Natural) and so I was given to the abbey as God’s special child. The nuns, most of whom were of noble birth, second and third daughters who could not find a noble husband, doted on me like a new puppy. So tiny was I that the abbess would carry me with her in her apron pocket, and thus I was given the name of Pocket. Little Pocket of Dog Snogging Abbey. I was much the novelty, the only male in that all-female world, and the nuns competed to see who might carry me in their apron pocket, although I do not remember it. Later, after I learned to walk, they would stand me on the table at mealtime and have me parade up and down waving my winky at them, a unique appendage in those feminine environs. I was seven before I realized that you could eat breakfast with your pants on. Still, I always felt separate from the rest of them, a different creature, isolated. I was allowed to sleep on the floor in the abbess’s chambers, as she had a woven rug given her by the bishop. On cold nights I was permitted to sleep under her covers to keep her feet warm, unless one of the other nuns had joined her for that purpose. Mother Basil and I were constant companions, even after I grew out of her marsupial affection. I attended the masses and prayers with her every day from as long as I could remember. How I loved watching her shave every morning after sunup, stropping her razor on a leather strap and carefully scraping the blue-black whiskers from her face. She would show me how to shave the little spot under your nose, and how she pulled aside the skin on her neck, so as not to nick her Adam’s apple. But she was a stern mistress, and I had to pray every three hours like all the other nuns, as well as carry water for her bath, chop wood, scrub floors, work in the garden, as well as take lessons in maths, catechism, Latin and Greek, and calligraphy. By the time I was nine I could read and write three languages and recite The Lives of the Saints from memory. I lived to serve God and the nuns of Dog Snogging, hoping that one day I might be ordained as a priest myself. And I might have, but then one day workmen came to the abbey, stonecutters and masons, and in a matter of days they had built a cell off of one of the abandoned passages in the rectory. We were going to have our very own anchorite, or in our case, anchoress. An acolyte so devoted to God that she would be walled up in a cell with only a small opening through which she would be passed food and water, and there she would spend the rest of her life, literally part of the church, praying and dispensing wisdom to the people of the village through her window until she was taken into the bosom of the Lord. Next to being martyred, it was the most holy act of devotion a person could perform. Daily I crept out of Mother Basil’s quarters to check on the progress of the cell, hoping to somehow bask in the glory that would be bestowed upon the anchoress. But as the walls rose, I saw there was no window left to the outside, no place for the villagers to receive blessings, as was the custom. â€Å"Our anchoress will be very special,† Mother Basil explained in her steady baritone voice. â€Å"So devout is she that she will only lay eyes on those who bring her food. She will not be distracted from her prayers for the king’s salvation.† â€Å"She is the charge of the king?† â€Å"No other,† said Mother Basil. The rest of us were bound by payment to pray for the forgiveness of the Earl of Sussex, who had slaughtered thousands of innocents in the last war with the Belgians and was bound to toast on the coals of Hell unless we could fulfill his penance, which had been pronounced by the Pope himself to be seven million Hail Marys per peasant. (Even with a dispensation and a half-price coupon purchased at Lourdes, the earl was getting no more than a thousand Hail Marys to the penny, so Dog Snogging was becoming a very rich monastery on his sins.) But our anchoress would answer for the sins of the king himself. He was said to have perpetrated some jolly-good wickedness, so her prayers must be very potent indeed. â€Å"Please, Mother, please let me take food to the anchoress.† â€Å"No one is to see or speak to her.† â€Å"But someone has to take her food. Let me do it. I promise not to look.† â€Å"I shall consult the Lord.† I never saw the anchoress arrive. The rumor simply passed that she was in the abbey and the workmen had set the stones around her. Week’s went by with me begging the abbess to allow me the holy duty of feeding the anchoress, but it was not until one evening when Mother Basil needed to spend the night alone with young sister Mandy, praying in private for the forgiveness of what the abbess called a â€Å"Smashing Horny Weekender,† that I was allowed to attend to the anchoress. â€Å"In fact,† said the Reverend Mother, â€Å"you stay there, outside her cell until morning, and see if you can learn some piety. Don’t come back until morning. Late morning. And bring tea and a couple of scones with you when you come back. And some jam.† I thought I would burst, I was so excited when I first made my way down that long, dark hallway – carrying a plate of cheese and bread, and a flagon of ale. I half expected to see the glory of God shining through the window, but when I got there, it wasn’t a window at all, but an arrow loop, like in a castle wall, cut in the shape of a cross, the edges tapered so that the broad stone came to a point at the opening. It was as if the masons only knew one window they could put in a thick wall. (Funny that arrow loops and sword hilts, mechanisms of death, form the sign of the cross – a symbol of mercy – but on second thought, I guess it was a mechanism of death in itself.) The opening was barely wide enough to pass the flagon through; the plate would just fit through at the cross. I waited. No light came from inside the cell. A single candle on the wall across from the opening was the only illumination. I was terrified. I listened, to see if I could hear the anchoress reciting novenas. There wasn’t even the sound of breathing. Was she sleeping? What kind of sin was it to interrupt the prayers of someone so holy? I put the plate and ale on the floor and tried to peer into the darkness of the cell, perhaps see her glow. Then I saw it. The dim sparkle of the candle reflecting in an eye. She was sitting there, not two feet from the opening. I jumped back against the far wall, knocking over the ale on the way. â€Å"Did I frighten you?† came a woman’s voice. â€Å"No. No, I was just, I am – forgive me. I am awed by your piety.† Then she laughed. It was sad laughter, as if it had been held a long time and then let out in almost a sob, but she was laughing and I was confused. â€Å"I’m sorry, mistress – â€Å" â€Å"No, no, no, don’t be sorry. Don’t you dare be sorry, boy.† â€Å"I’m not. I won’t be.† â€Å"What is your name?† â€Å"Pocket, mum.† â€Å"Pocket,† she repeated, and she laughed some more. â€Å"You’ve spilled my ale, Pocket.† â€Å"Aye, mum. Shall I fetch you some more?† â€Å"If you don’t want the glory of my bloody godliness burning us both down, you better had, hadn’t you, friend Pocket? And when you come back, I want you to tell me a story that will make me laugh.† â€Å"Yes, mum,† And that was the day that my world changed. â€Å"Remind me, why is it we’re not just murdering my brother?† asked Edmund. From whimpering scribblings to conspiracy to murder in the course of an hour, Edmund was a quick study when it came to villainy. I sat, quill in hand, at the table in my small apartment above the great gatehouse in the outer wall of the castle. I have my own fireplace, a table, two stools, a bed, a cupboard for my things, a hook for my coxcomb and clothes, and in the middle of my room a large cauldron for heating and pouring boiling oil upon a siege force through gutters in the floor. But for the clanking of the massive chains when the drawbridge is raised or lowered, it is a cozy den in which to pursue slumber or other horizontal sport. Best of all, it is private, with a thumping big bolt on the door. Even among the nobles, privacy is rare, as conspiracy thrives there. â€Å"While that is an attractive course, unless Edgar is disgraced, disinherited, and his properties willfully given to you, the lands and title could pass to some legitimate cousin, or worse, your father might set about trying to sire a new legitimate heir.† I shuddered a bit then – along with, I’m sure, a dozen maidens about the kingdom – at the mental vision of Gloucester’s withered flanks, bared and about the business of making an heir upon their nubile nobility. They would be clawing at the nunnery door to escape the honor. â€Å"I hadn’t thought of that,† said Edmund. â€Å"Really, you, not think? How shocking. Although a simple poisoning does seem cleaner, the letter is the sharper sword.† If I gave the scoundrel proper rope, perhaps he could hang for both our purposes. â€Å"I can craft such a letter, subtle, yet condemning. You’ll be the Earl of Gloucester before you can get dirt shoveled on your father’s still twitching body. But the letter may not do all.† â€Å"Speak your mind, fool. As much as I’d love to silence your yammering, speak.† â€Å"The king favors your father and your brother, which is why they were called here. If Edgar becomes betrothed to Cordelia, which could happen before the morrow – well, with the princess’s dowry in hand, there’ll be no cause for him to resort to the treachery we are about to craft around him. You’ll be left with your fangs showing, noble Edmund, and the legitimate son will be all the richer.† â€Å"I’ll see he is not betrothed to Cordelia.† â€Å"How? Will you tell him horrid things? I have it on good authority that her feet are like ferryboats. They strap them up under her gown to keep them from flapping when she walks.† â€Å"I will see to it that there is no marriage, little man, don’t you worry. But you must see to this letter. Tomorrow Edgar goes on to Barking to deliver the letters of credit and I’ll return to Gloucester with my father. I’ll let the letter slip to him then, so his anger has time to fester in Edgar’s absence.† â€Å"Quick, before I waste parchment, promise you’ll not let Edgar marry Cordelia.† â€Å"Fine, fool, promise you’ll not tell anyone that you ever penned this letter, and I will.† â€Å"I promise,† said I. â€Å"By the balls of Venus.† â€Å"Then, so do I,† said the bastard. â€Å"All right, then,† said I, dipping my quill in ink, â€Å"although murder would be a simpler plan.† I’ve never cared for the bastard’s brother Edgar, either. Earnest and open-faced is he. I don’t trust anyone who appears so trustworthy. They must be up to something. Of course, Edmund hanging black-tongued for his brother’s murder would make for a festive chandelier as well. A fool does enjoy a party. In a half-hour I had crafted a letter so wily and peppered with treachery that any father might strangle his son at the sight of it and, if childless, bastinade his own bollocks with a war hammer to discourage conspirators yet to be born. It was a masterpiece of both forgery and manipulation. I blotted it well and held it up for Edmund to see. â€Å"I’ll need your dagger, sir,† said I. Edmund reached for the letter and I danced away from him. â€Å"First the knife, good bastard.† Edmund laughed. â€Å"Take my dagger, fool. You’re no safer, I still have my sword.† â€Å"Aye, which I handed you myself. I need your dagger to razor the seal off that letter of credit so I may affix it to this missive of ours. You’ll need to break it only in your father’s presence, as if you yourself are only then discovering your brother’s black nature.† â€Å"Oh,† said Edmund. He gave me the knife. I performed the deed with sealing wax and candle and handed the blade back with the letter. (Could I have used one of my own knives for the task? Of course, but it was not time for Edmund to know of them.) The letter was barely in his pocket before Edmund had drawn his sword and had it leveled at my throat. â€Å"I think I can assure your silence better than a promise.† I didn’t move. â€Å"So, you lament being born out of favor, what favor will you court by killing the king’s fool? A dozen guards saw you come in here.† â€Å"I’ll take my chances.† Just then the great chains that ran through my room began to shake, rattling as if a hundred suffering prisoners were shackled to them rather than a slab of oak and iron. Edmund looked around and I scampered to the far side of the room. Wind rushed through the arrow loops that served as my windows and extinguished the candle I had used for the sealing wax. The bastard spun to face the arrow loops and the room went dark, as if a cape had been thrown over the day. The golden form of a woman shimmered in the air at the dark wall. The ghost said, â€Å"A thousand years of torture rule, The knave who dares to harm a fool.† I could only see Edmund by the glow of the spirit, but he was moving crablike toward the door that led out onto the west wall, reaching frantically for the latch. Then he threw the bolt and was through the door in an instant. Light filled my little apartment and I could again view the Thames through the slits in the stone. â€Å"Well rhymed, wisp,† said I to the empty air. â€Å"Well rhymed.† How to cite Fool Chapter 3, Essay examples

Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd Planning and Scheduling

Question: Discuss about the Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd for Planning and Scheduling. Answer: Introduction Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd is started in Sydney in 2008 to meet the needs of Chinese community in the Hawkesbury. It designs and manufactures the customized kitchen cabinets. However, Due to their credibility and high quality products, they started getting more and more orders. These orders are mix of customized as well as demand for standard kitchen cabinets by the builders in small batches. However, with increase in orders, there is huge pressure on the manufacturing facility as the facility and layouts are designed initially thinking of servicing the customized orders. That is the reason, they are having the product layout which is suitable for manufacturing of low volumes of products. As the facility is not designed according to the large number of orders they are receiving, currently organizations is grappling with the number of operational issues like too much work in process and finished good inventory, increase in lead time, reducing profit margins. Moreover, the entire syst em is working at its capacity and there is also no planning of breakdown of any resource. This industry has a huge potential for the growth and the inflection point has come for the Hawkesbury Cabinets. It has become very critical now for them to list down all the issues they are facing and analyze the situation and takes appropriate steps to respond to the growing needs of the market in order to maintain their credibility and reputation (Khanna, 2015). The objective of this essay is to discuss the current production systems and operations of the Hawkesbury Cabinets and the issues they are facing as they are witnessing a change in their order booking which was purely customized once a time now changed to a mix of customized and standard orders. This essay will discuss how these production and operational issues at tactical level can impact the organizations financial structure and other broad organizations issues like credibility and quality. Analysis Hawkesbury Cabinets was started as a small manufacturing company to meet the needs of Chinese community with the focus on designing and manufacturing the custom-made kitchen cabinets. As initially focus was more on manufacturing customized products, Hawkesbury designed their facility in a process layout fashion in which cutting tables and saws are in one section, shapers and routers in another section and lathes machine and other less frequently used machines in their own section away from the work area. However, there is very high demand for manufacturing standard cabinets and this existing plant layout is not very supportive for standard products (Canes, Willaimson, 2013). It works better for manufacturing customized products. Hence, Hawkesbury must think in this direction if their layout is in alignment of their strategy. Another issues is with the scheduling algorithm used by the organization. Profit margins is the only criteria to schedule the various jobs in the facility. Though scheduling by profit margin does make sense here but it should not be the only criteria (Dauzere-Peres, Lasserre, 2012). For instance, reducing the work in process and finished good inventory should be another aim of the scheduling algorithms. Scheduling algorithm should schedule jobs in such a way that if jobs is started, it should not be left in between replaced by another jobs unless there is a hot order (Mok, Cheung, Wong, Leung, Fan, 2013). Their current strategy has led to huge increase in work in process inventory and also impacting the lead time of standard cabinets. Also, Currently Hawkesbury manufactures the high quality finished products with each product irrespective of whether it standard product or customized product has to be processes by same equipment by same set of people. In this scenario, there can be any bottleneck resource before which inventory is getting clogged up (Costas, Ponte, Fuente, Pino, Puche, 2015). Same has to be analyze and appropriate measure should be taken. Also, there should also be a plan how the manufacturing will be handled in case of breakdown of any machine. As the manufacturing capacity is working at its full capacity, such measures are very critical. Also, Standard products are also getting processes by same set of people means organization is not utilizing the full talent of the people. Standard products can be automated or at least dependence of people should be reduced or new people with low skills can also work on the standard products thus increasing the availability of key craftsmen to work on the cust omized product (Tassey, 2014). Manufacturing of standard cabinets have impacted the operations adversely as it lead to increase in inventory, jobs started but left in between and also effected the delivery and lead time of the standard products. Improper order promising dates can be another issue here if organization is promising aggressive ship dates to customers and then struggling to meet them. The companys decision to include standard cabinets can have a negative impact on the financials of the company in a short term because of the poor readiness. Company is not ready at to handle increased inflow of customer orders. There are operational issues which are also creating reduced margins and increased costs. Huge money is invested in inventory making cash to cash cycle time large impacting the cash flow of the company (Dasgupta, Yan, 2015). However, the companys decision to include standard cabinets will definitely be very positive step in a long term as it will help the company to grow and increase its revenue once the company is stabilized. There is also small possibility that company may lose it niche in manufacturing customized cabinets and market started perceiving its approach is confusing in targeting between standard and customized markets. The move to manufacture standard cabinets will really prove profitable to company provided the cost, quality and delivery are n ot at all compromised. Conclusion The above essay discusses the various problems faced by the Hawkesbury in their operation as it started receiving large number of standard orders. It discusses how the increase in inventory/improper management of inventory is a real issue which is giving rise to many other issues. The root cause of all the problems in increases in inventory (ALcaraz, Maldonado, Iniesta, Robles, Hernandez, 2014). Once it is managed, remaining things like profit margins will automatically fall in place. It also discusses the financial impact of such issues however once all this is overcome, the long term impact of huge inflow orders will be positive on the balance sheet of the company. This essay has refrain from making any suggestions about how to overcome the problems rather it focuses on the analyzing the current issues and their cascading effect that will simply create more issues in the organization. References Alcaraz, J. L. G., Maldonado, A. A., Iniesta, A. A., Robles, G. C., Hernndez, G. A. (2014). A systematic review/survey for JIT implementation: Mexican maquiladoras as case study. Computers in Industry, 65(4), 761-773. Canen, A. G., Williamson, G. H. (2013). Facility layout overview: towards competitive advantage. Facilities. Costas, J., Ponte, B., de la Fuente, D., Pino, R., Puche, J. (2015). Applying Goldratts Theory of Constraints to reduce the Bullwhip Effect through agent-based modeling. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(4), 2049-2060. Dasgupta, S., Li, E. X., Yan, D. (2015). Inventory behavior and financial constraints: Theory and evidence. Dauzre-Pres, S., Lasserre, J. B. (2012). An integrated approach in production planning and scheduling (Vol. 411). Springer Science Business Media. Khanna, R. B. (2015). Production and operations management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Mok, P. Y., Cheung, T. Y., Wong, W. K., Leung, S. Y. S., Fan, J. T. (2013). Intelligent production planning for complex garment manufacturing. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 24(1), 133-145. Tassey, G. (2014). Competing in advanced manufacturing: The need for improved growth models and policies. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(1), 27-48.

The Poetical Works of John Milton Essay Example For Students

The Poetical Works of John Milton Essay And God said, Let the waters generate, Reptile with spawn abundant, living soul: And let fowl fly above the earth, with wings Displayed on the open firmament of heaven. And God created the great whales, and each Soul living, each that crept, which plenteously The waters generated by their kinds, And every bird of wing after his kind; And saw that it was good, and blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, multiply, and In the seas And lakes and running streams the waters fill; And let the fowl be multiplied on the earth. John Milton (1608-1674), antics poet. Paradise Lost (l. BC. VII, l. 387-398). FM. The Complete Poetry of John Milton. We will write a custom essay on The Poetical Works of John Milton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now John T. Scarecrows, De. (1963, rev. De. 1971 ) Doubleday Hail wedded love, mysterious law, true source Of human offspring, sole propriety, In paradise of all things common else. By thee adulterous lust was driven from men Among the bestial herds to range, by thee Founded in reason, loyal, just, and pure, Relations dear, and all the charities Of father, son, and brother first were known. Far be It, that I should write thee sin or blame. Of think thee unfitting holiest place, Perpetual fountain of domestic sweets, Whose bed Is undefiled and chaste pronounced, Present, or past, as saints and patriarchs used. Here love his golden shafts employs, here lights His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings, Reigns here and revels; not in the bought smile Of harlots, loveless, Joyless, endeared, Casual fruition, nor in court amours Mixed dance, or wanton mask, or midnight ball, Or serenade, which the starved lover sings To his proud fair, best quitted with disdain. These lulled by Nightingales embracing slept, And on their naked limbs the flowery roof Showered roses, which the morn repaired. Sleep on, Blest pair; and O yet happiest If ye seek No happier state, and know to know no more. john Milton (1608-1674), antics poet. Readies Lost (l. BC. IV, l. 750-775) The Complete Poetry of John Milton. John T. Scarecrows, De. (1963, rev. De. 19 And God Be fruitful, multiply, and in the seas And let the fowl be multiplied on the earth. John Milton (1608-1674), British poet. Paradise Lost (l. BC. VI, l. 387-398). FM. The Complete Poetry of John Milton. John T. Scarecrows, De. (1963, popular Poems An E pitaph on the Admirable Dramatic Poe An Epitaph On The Marchioness Of Winches Another On The Same Arcades At a Solemn Music At A Vacation Exercise In The College, At A Vatican Exercise (excerpt) Combs (excerpts) Carjack, Whose Grandkids From Arcades From Samson Agonies I How Soon Hath Time Hymn on the Morning of Chrisms Nativity II Penrose More poems of John Milton  » Biography of John Milton John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, a scholarly man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth (republic) of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. Millions poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day. Writing in English, Latin, and Italian, he achieved international renown within his lifetime, and his celebrated Replicating, (written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship) is among historys most influential and impassioned defenses of free speech and freedom of the press. William Hallways 1796 biography called him the greatest English author, and he remains generally regarded as one of the preeminent writers in the English language; though critical reception has oscillated in the centuries since his death (often on account of his republicanism). Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as a poem which Tit respect to design may claim the first place, and with respect to performance, the second, among the productions of the human mind. Though Johnson (a Tory and recipient of royal patronage) described his politics as those of an acrimonious and surly republican. Because of his republicanism, Milton has been the subject of centuries of British partisanship (a nonconformist biography by John Tolland, a hostile account by Anthony Wood etc. ). Biography The phases of Millions life parallel the major historical and political divisions in Stuart Britain. Under the increasingly personal rule of Charles I and its breakdown in institutional confusion and war, Milton studied, traveled, wrote poetry mostly for private circulation, and launched a career as pamphleteer and publicist. Under the Commonwealth of England, from being thought dangerously radical and even heretical, the shift in accepted attitudes in government placed him in public office, and he even acted as an official spokesman in certain of his publications. The Restoration of 1660 deprived Milton, now completely blind, of his public platform, but this period saw him complete most of his major works of poetry. Millions views developed from his very extensive reading, as well as travel and experience, from his student days of the asses to the English Revolution. By the time of his death in 1674, Milton was impoverished and on the margins of English intellectual life, yet unrepentant for his political choices, and of Europe-wide fame. John Milton was born on Bread Street, London, on 9 December 1608, as the son of the composer John Milton and his wife Sarah Jeffrey. The senior John Milton (1562-1647) moved to London around 1 583 after being disinherited by his devout Catholic father, Richard Milton, for embracing Protestantism. In London, the senior John Milton reared Sarah Jeffrey (1572-1637), the poets mother, and found lasting financial success as a scrivener. He lived in, and worked from, a house on Bread Street, where the Mermaid Tavern was located in Capsized. The elder Milton was noted for his skill as a musical composer, and this talent left Milton with a lifetime appreciation for music and friendship with musicians such as Henry Laces. Millions fathers prosperity provided his eldest son with a private tutor, Thomas Young, and then a place at SST Palls School in London. There he began the study of Latin and Greek, and the classical languages left an imprint on his poetry in English he wrote also in Italian and Latin). His first datable compositions are two psalms done at age 15 at Long Pennington. One contemporary source is the Brief Lives of John Aubrey, an uneven compilation including first-hand reports. In the work, Aubrey quotes Christopher, Millions younger brother: When he was young, he studied very hard and sat up very late, commonly till twelve or one oclock at night. Milton matriculated at Chrisms College, Cambridge, in 1625 and graduated with a B. A. In 1629, ranking fourth of 24 honors graduates that year in the University of Cambridge. Preparing to become an Anglican priest, he stayed on to obtain his Master of Arts degree on 3 July 1632. Milton was probably rusticated for quarrelling in his first year with his tutor, William Chapel. He was certainly at home in the Lent Term 1626; there he wrote his Elegiac Prima, a first Latin elegy, to Charles Oddity, a friend from SST Palls. Based on remarks of John Aubrey, Chapel whip Milton. This story is now disputed. Certainly Milton disliked Chapel. Christopher Hill cautiously notes that Milton was apparently rusticated, and that the differences between Chapel and Milton may have been either religious or personal, as far as we can know. Another factor, possibly, was the plague, by which Cambridge was badly affected in 1625. Later in 1626 Millions tutor was Nathaniel Doves. At Cambridge Milton was on good terms with Edward King, for whom he later wrote Lucidly. He also befriended Anglo-American dissident and theologian, Roger Williams. Milton tutored Williams in Hebrew in exchange for lessons in Dutch. Otherwise at Cambridge he developed a reputation for poetic skill and general erudition, but experienced alienation from his peers and university life as a whole. Watching his fellow students attempting comedy upon the college stage, he later observed they thought themselves gallant men, and I thought them fools. .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .postImageUrl , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:hover , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:visited , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:active { border:0!important; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:active , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sounds like EssayMilton, due to his hair, which he wore long, and his general delicacy of manner, was known as the Lady of Chrisms. Debates on abstruse topics, conducted in Latin. His own corpus is not devoid of humor, notably his sixth prolusion and his epitaphs on the death of Thomas Hobnobs. While at Cambridge he wrote a number of his well-known shorter English poems, among them On the Morning of Chrisms Nativity, his Epitaph on the admirable Dramatic Poet, W. Shakespeare, his first poem to appear in print, Allegro and II Penrose. Study, Poetry, and Travel Upon receiving his M. A. N 1632, Milton retired to Hammerheads, his fathers new home since the previous year. He al so lived at Horton, Berkshire, from 1635 and undertook six years of self-directed private study. Christopher Hill points out that this was not retreat into a rural or pastoral idyll at all: Hammerheads was then a suburban village falling into the orbit of London, and even Horton was becoming deforested, and suffered from the plague. He read both ancient and modern works of theology, philosophy, history, politics, literature and science, in preparation for a prospective poetical career. Millions intellectual development can be charted via entries in his commonplace book (like a scrapbook), now in the British Library. As a result of such intensive study, Milton is considered to be among the most learned of all English poets; in addition to his years of private study, Milton had command of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, and Italian from his school and undergraduate days; he also added Old English to his linguistic repertoire in the asses while researching his History of Britain, and probably acquired proficiency in Dutch soon after. Milton continued to write poetry during this period of study: his Arcades and Combs ere both commissioned for masques composed for noble patrons, connections of the Edgerton family, and performed in 1632 and 1634 respectively. Combs argues for the virtuousness of temperance and chastity. He contributed his pastoral elegy Lucidly to a memorial collection for one of his Cambridge classmates. Drafts of these poems are preserved in Millions poetry notebook, known as the Trinity Manuscript because it is now kept at Trinity College, Cambridge. In May 1638, Milton embarked upon a tour of France and Italy that lasted up to July or August 1639. His travels supplemented his study with new and direct experience of artistic and religious traditions, especially Roman Catholicism. He met famous theorists and intellectuals of the time, and was able to display his poetic skills. For specific details of what happened within Millions grand tour, there appears to be just one primary source: Millions own Defenses Seconds. Although there are other records, including some letters and some references in his other prose tracts, the bulk of the information about the tour comes from a work that, according to Barbara his sterling reputation with the learned of Europe. In , which I have always admired above all others because of the elegance, to Just of its tongue, but also of its wit, I lingered for about two months. There I at once became the friend of many gentlemen eminent in rank and learning, whose private academies I frequented -? a Florentine institution which deserves great praise not only for promoting humane studies but also for en couraging friendly intercourse. Millions account of Florence in Defenses Seconds He first went to Calais, and then on to Paris, riding horseback, with a letter from diplomat Henry Watson to ambassador John Accustomed. Through Accustomed, Milton met Hugo Grottos, a Dutch law philosopher, playwright and poet. Milton left France non after this meeting. He traveled south, from Nice to Genoa, and then to Lovelorn and Pisa. He reached Florence in July 1638. While there, Milton enjoyed many of the sites and structures of the city. His candor of manner and erudite neo-Latin poetry earned him friends in Florentine intellectual circles, and he met the astronomer Galileo, who was under virtual house arrest at Arctic, as well as others. Milton probably visited the Florentine Academy and the Academia Della Crusts along with smaller academies in the area including the Apatite and the Spotlight. He left Florence in September to continue to Rome. With the connections from Florence, Milton was able to have easy access to Romeos intellectual society. His poetic abilities impressed those like Giovanni Sailing, who praised Milton within an epigram. In late October, Milton, despite his dislike for the Society of Jesus, attended a dinner given by the English College, Rome, meeting English Catholics who were also guests, theologian Henry Holder and the poet Patrick Cary. He also attended musical events, including oratorios, operas and melodramas. Milton left for Naples toward the end of November, where he stayed only for a month because of the Spanish intro. During that time he was introduced to Giovanni Battista Manson, patron to both Torque Tasks and to Giovanni Battista Marino. Originally Milton wanted to leave Naples in order to travel to Sicily, and then on to Greece, but he returned to England during the summer of 1639 because of what he claimed, in Defenses Seconds, were sad tidings of civil war in England. Matters became more complicated when Milton received word that Oddity, his childhood friend, had died. Milton in fact stayed another seven months on the continent, and spent time at Geneva with Diktats uncle after he returned to Rome. In Defenses Seconds, Milton proclaimed he was warned against a return to Rome because of his frankness about religion, but he stayed in the city for two months and was able to experience Carnival and meet Luka s Holster, a Vatican librarian, who guided Milton through its collection. He was introduced to Cardinal Francesco Barbering who invited Milton to an opera hosted by the Cardinal. Around March Milton traveled once again to Florence, staying there for two months, attending further meetings of the academies, and spent time with friends. After leaving Florence he traveled through model of Republicanism, later important in his political writings, but he soon found another model when he traveled to Geneva. From Switzerland, Milton traveled to Paris and then to Calais before finally arriving back in England in either July or August 1639. Civil War, Prose Tracts, and Marriage On returning to England, where the Bishops Wars presaged further armed conflict, Milton began to write prose tracts against episcopacy, in the service of the Puritan and Parliamentary cause. Millions first foray into polemics was Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England (1641), followed by Of Prelatic Episcopacy, he two defenses of Smuttiness (a group of Presbyterian divines named from their initials: the TTY belonged to Millions old tutor Thomas Young), and The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelate. With frequent passages of real eloquence lighting up the rough controversial style of the period, and deploying a wide knowledge of church history, he vigorously attacked the High-church party of the Church of England and their leader, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. Though supported by his fathers investments, at this time Milton became a private schoolmaster, educating his nephews and other children of the well-to-do. This experience, and discussions with educational reformer Samuel Hartley, led him to write in 1644 his short tract, Of Education, urging a reform of the national universities. In June 1643 Milton paid a visit to the manor house at Forest Hill, Exosphere, and returned with a 16-year-old bride, Mary Powell. A month later, finding life difficult with the severe 35-year-old schoolmaster and pamphleteer, Mary returned to her family. Because of the outbreak of the Civil War, she did not return until 1645; in the meantime her desertion prompted Milton, over the next three years, to publish a rise of pamphlets arguing for the legality and morality of divorce. Anna Beer, one of Millions most recent biographers, points to a lack of evidence and the dangers of cynicism in urging that it was not necessarily the case that the private life so animated the public polemicist. ) In 1643 Milton had a brush with the authorities over these writings, in parallel with Wheezier Woodward, who had more trouble. It was the hostile response accorded the divorce tracts that spurred Milton to write Replicating, his celebrated attack on pre-printing censorship. .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .postImageUrl , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:hover , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:visited , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:active { border:0!important; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:active , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poets present powerful feelings EssaySecretary for Foreign Tongues With the parliamentary victory in the Civil War, Milton used his pen in defense of the republican principles represented by the Commonwealth. The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649) defended popular government and implicitly sanctioned the regicide; Millions political reputation got him appointed Secretary for Foreign Tongues by the Council of State in March 1649. Though Millions main Job description called upon to produce propaganda for the regime and to serve as a censor. In October 1649 he published Sensationalist, an explicit defense of the regicide, in response to the Xenon Basilisk, a phenomenal best-seller popularly attributed to Charles I that portrayed the King as an innocent Christian martyr. A month after Milton had tried to break this powerful image of Charles I (the literal translation of Sensationalist is the image breaker), the exiled Charles II and his party published a defense of monarchy, Defenses Regina Pro Carol Promo, written by the leading humanist Claudia Salamis. By January of the following year, Milton was ordered to write a defense of the English people by the Council of State. Given the European audience and the English Republics desire to establish diplomatic and cultural astigmatic, Milton worked more slowly than usual, as he drew on the learning marshaled by his years of study to compose a riposte. On 24 February 1652 Milton published his Latin defense of the English People, Defenses Pro Populous Anglicans, also known as the First Defense. Millions pure Latin prose and evident learning, exemplified in the First Defense, quickly made him a European reputation, and the work ran to numerous editions. In 1654, in response to an anonymous Royalist tract Regis sanguine clamor, a work that made many personal attacks on Milton, he completed a second defense of the English nation, Defenses seconds, which praised Oliver Cromwell, now Lord Protector, while exhorting him to remain true to the principles of the Revolution. Alexander Moors, to whom Milton wrongly attributed the Clamor (in fact by Peter du Million), published an attack on Milton, in response to which Milton published the autobiographical Defenses pro SE in 1655. In addition to these literary defenses of the Commonwealth and his character, Milton continued to translate official correspondence into Latin. By 1654 Milton had become totally blind, probably due to the onset of glaucoma. This forced him to dictate his verse and prose to amanuenses (helpers), one of whom was the poet Andrew Marvel. One of his best-known sonnets, On His Blindness, is presumed to date from this period. Family Milton and Mary Powell (1625-1652) had four children: Anne (born 7 July 1646) Mary (born 25 October 1648) John (16 March 1651 -June 1652) Deborah (2 May 1652 His first wife, Mary Powell, died on 5 May 1652 from complications following Deborah birth. Millions daughters survived to adulthood, but he had always a strained relationship with them. On 12 November 1656, Milton was married again, to Katherine Woodcock. She died on 3 February 1658, less than four months after giving birth to a daughter, Katherine, Milton married for a third time on 24 February 1662, to Elizabeth Mannishly (1638- 1728), the niece of Thomas Mannishly, a wealthy apothecary and philanthropist in Manchester. Despite a 31 -year age gap, the marriage seemed happy, according to John Aubrey, and was to last more than 11 years until Millions death. (A plaque on the wall of Numskulls House in Manchester describes Elizabeth as Millions 3rd and Best wife Two nephews, John Phillips and Edward Phillips, were well known as writers. They ere sons of Millions sister Anne. John acted as a secretary, and Edward was Millions first biographer. The Restoration Though Cromwell death in 1658 caused the English Republic to collapse into feuding military and political factions, Milton stubbornly clung to the beliefs that had originally inspired him to write for the Commonwealth. In 1659 he published A Treatise of Civil Power, attacking the concept of a state-dominated church (the position known as Restaurants), as well as Considerations touching the likeliest means to remove hirelings, denouncing corrupt practices in church governance. As the Republic disintegrated, Milton wrote several proposals to retain a non- monarchical government against the wishes of parliament, soldiers and the people: A Letter to a Friend, Concerning the Ruptures of the Commonwealth, written in October 1659, was a response to General Lamberts recent dissolution of the Rump Parliament Proposals of certain expedients for the preventing of a civil war now feared, written in November 1659 The Ready and Easy Way to Establishing a Free Commonwealth, in two editions, responded to General Monks march towards London to restore the Long Parliament which led to the restoration of the monarchy). The work is an impassioned, bitter, and futile Jeremiad damning the English people for backsliding from the cause of liberty and advocating the establishment of an authoritarian rule by an oligarchy set up by unelected parliament. Upon the Restoration in May 1660, Milton went into hiding for his life, while a warrant was issued for his arrest and his writings burnt. He re-emerged after a general pardon was issued, but was nevertheless arrested and briefly imprisoned before influential friends, such as Marvel, now an PM, intervened. On 24 February 1663 Milton remarried, for a third and final time, a Waistcoats, Cheshire-born woman Elizabeth (Betty) Minimums, then aged 24, and spent the remaining decade of his life living quietly in London, only retiring to a cottage Millions Cottage in Cachalot SST. Giles, his only extant home, during the Great Plague of London. Textbook, Art of Logic, and a History of Britain. His only explicitly political tracts were the 1672 Of True Religion, arguing for toleration (except for Catholics), and a translation of a Polish tract advocating an elective monarchy. Both these works were offered to in the Exclusion debate the attempt to exclude the heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the throne of England because he was Roman Catholic that would preoccupy politics in the asses and ass and precipitate the formation of the Whig party and the Glorious Revolution. Milton died of kidney failure on 8 November 1674 and was buried in the church of SST Giles Cripplingly; according to an early biographer, his funeral was attended by his learned and great Friends in London, not without a friendly concourse of the Vulgar. Published Poetry Millions poetry was slow to see the light of day, at least under his name. His first published poem was On Shakespeare (1630), anonymously included in the Second Folio edition of Shakespeare. In the midst of the excitement attending the possibility of establishing a new English government, Milton collected his work in 1645 Poems. The anonymous edition of Combs was published in 1637, and the publication of Lucidly in 1638 in Justas Eduardo King Unafraid was signed J. M. Otherwise the 1645 collection was the only poetry of his to see print, until Paradise Lost appeared in 1667. Paradise Lost Millions magnum opus, the blank-verse epic poem Paradise Lost, was composed by he blind and impoverished Milton from 1658 to 1664 (first edition) with small but significant revisions published in 1674 (second edition). As a blind poet, Milton dictated his verse to a series of aides in his employ. It reflects his personal despair at the failure of the Revolution, yet affirms an ultimate optimism in human potential. Milton encoded many references to his unyielding support for the Good Old Cause. On 27 April 1667, Milton sold the publication rights to Paradise Lost to publisher Samuel Simmons for E, equivalent to approximately E,400 income in 2008, with a rather E to be paid if and when each print run of between 1,300 and 1,500 copies sold out.

The Open Window

The Open Window Free Online Research Papers In â€Å"The Open Window† irony occurs in a variety of ways. Some of the characters demonstrate a mirror image of their names and their personalities. On the other hand, other character’s names are the complete opposite of their personalities. Vera’s name comes from words that mean truth or honesty, while in reality Vera lies and manipulates the truth due to the circumstances of her situation. Mr. Nuttel’s name on the other hand is ironic in the sense that it comes from words that mean crazy, mentally unstable, nuts, etc. and that is exactly how his character is described in the story. Mrs. Sappleton’s name however seems to come from words that demonstrate trees. This could be ironic in the way trees are stable, unyielding, and proud. It could establish how she feels about her brothers and her husband coming home. But it also signifies how proud she is of their hunting and their devotion to it. Some situational irony reveals itself when after a long awkward silence; Vera breaks the â€Å"silent communion† by starting a conversation with Mr. Nuttel. The silent communion statement is ironic in the way that the two are completely silent and the communion side represents sharing, so in a way Saki is making an ironic statement by saying that they are sharing silently. Vera breaks this silence by taking advantage of Mr. Nuttel and how he does not know anyone in the area and creates a story to scare him and make him believe that her aunt Mrs. Sappleton is crazy and unbalanced. The statement by Vera, â€Å"Then you know practically nothing about my aunt?† reveals an ironic twist for Mr. Nuttel. Vera leads him to believe that Mrs. Sappleton is crazy by explaining the loss of Mrs. Sappleton’s husband and two younger brothers death, and also the reason she keeps the window open. When eventually Mrs. Sappleton arrives, Mr. Nuttel truly believes that her husban d and two brothers are dead. Therefore, when Mr. Sappleton and the brothers return, Mr. Nuttel gets very scared and runs away as if â€Å"†¦he had seen a ghost.† When the Sappeltons comment on Mr. Nuttel’s quick departure, Vera assures the family that he left because he was scared of dogs because of a bad experience he had a couple years ago. â€Å"Romance at short notice was her specialty.† This quote describing Vera elaborates enough to allow you to see how she is portrayed. By telling Mr. Nuttel the false story of â€Å"The Open Window† Vera is creating a romanticized version of a story that maybe she views as tragic and heroic. Vera seems to almost believe herself when she gets caught up in telling Mr. Nuttel about her aunt’s â€Å"tragedy†. In conclusion, the irony within the story is demonstrated the entire way through. However, Vera is the most ironic character, due to the contrasts between her name’s meaning and her true personality. Research Papers on The Open WindowHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

World history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World history - Essay Example The battles are always between the higher powers, powers that greatly surpass our own human existence. The battle is between the gods and demons. As the story commences, we see that the Hindu god Vishnu is fighting a demon by the name of Ravana. In order for Vishnu to be able to fight Ravana successfully, he had to be reborn as a man. Vishnu, the Hindu God was therefore born as the prince Rama. From the start, deception is present. Rama and his wife Sita try to flee and live a life of solidarity and silence. During this time, the demon’s sister falls in love with Rama and tries to get him to leave his wife Sita. He was later attacked because of his negative response to the proposition laid out before him. Both Rama and his brother faught the attackers off. Ravana was still determined to get Rama so he lied and said that Rama’s wife had been mean to him and had attacked him. Ravana was trying to find a way to get at Rama and was holding a grudge. He was very upset because Rama had taken force to his sister in the act of protecting himself. It was done as self-defense. In an act of rage, Ravana ceased Rama’s wife and took her back to live with him. This was done by force. Rama gained help from the outside to get his wife back. Regardless of the situation, he was afraid that his wife had not been faithful to him and cast her out of his life. She was carrying twin boys who eventually ended up living with him. Rama eventually kills Ravana but not without a huge struggle. Rama â€Å"put† Sita through challenges. As a husband, he felt he had the right to â€Å"make sure† Sita still belonged to him. The way Rama treated Sita was immoral. But he was in reality a God. So, did he have the right to treat a human this way? As a God, Rama should know her heart, her thoughts. Rama should be aware of who she is as a person. Bringing her to his level of intelligence would have given her more dignity as a person. Abusing his

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics - Assignment Example lead to acute anemia, delay or even failure of breastfeeding, hemorrhagic shock, pituitary infarction, coagulopathy, renal failure/acute tubular necrosis, coma, prolonged hospital stay, emergency surgery or angiographic intervention, need for hysterectomy etc. In a population-based research, it has been seen that risk of PPH is 5.8% in first pregnancy whether 4-5% in a second or third time pregnancy. However, risk is more than 15% in the subsequent pregnancy. Risk of PPH and average blood loss both are greater in caesarean section operations. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) can be defined as blood loss of 500mL or even more during and at the time of childbirth. In most severe case, blood loss of 1000mL or more amount of blood loss, which can cause hemodynamic compromise. PPH can be divided in to two categories that are primary PPH and secondary PPH. Primary PPH can occur within the first 24 hours after birth where as secondary PPH can occur in between 24 hours to 6 weeks of postpartum. However, in most of the cases PPH fall under the primary PPH category  (Kapungu, Koch, Miller & Geller, n.d.). Approximately 75% of the primary PPH cases are due to ‘Uterine Atony’. Secondary PPH is due to infection or retained products of conception. In developed countries, it becomes easy to manage in hospitals but in underdeveloped and developing country urgent PPH management is necessary. Risk of PPH can be reduced by almost 50% with administering oxytocic drugs. It has been seen that routine prophylaxis can help to reduce 70% of the need of oxytocics drug to heal excessive postpartum bleeding. Oxytocin is the most preferred uterotonic among the medical practitioners. It stimulates smooth muscle tissue of the upper part of the uterus (Lalonde & others, 2013). Oxytocin helps it to contract rhythmically. It facilitates constricting blood vessels and helps in decreasing blood flow in the uterus. It is an effective and safe choice for PPH treatment. Intravenous mode of infusion is

A variety of English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A variety of English - Essay Example 29). In their discussion on language variation Becker and Bieswanger (2006, p. 174) specify that a variety of English language may stem from three distinguishable components which can be identified as 1) geographical 2) sociolects and 3) functional. As stated previously, geographic varieties are explored through the recognition of characteristics that are linked with the adoption of dialects on the basis of region. However, the notion of sociolects encompasses the critical influence of social aspects in addition with economic components as the key factors for determining the extent of language variation as it emerges as an outcome of social status, nature of job or work and affiliation with groups. Accordingly, the aspect of functional varieties is linked with the selected use of language as per the existing scenario and the specific requirements of interaction with regard to the given situation (Becker and Bieswanger 2006, p. 174). Once the basic assessment of language variation has been conducted, it is important to suggest that the concept of a standard denotes that a specific linguistic system is labeled as the norm in a society and thus distinguishes itself from the variation of linguistic systems which may exist in the same society. As an integral concept in the study of linguistics, the notion of variety has been incorporated into scholarly works and analysis to identify and apply the teachings of the discipline for comprehending the role of language as the most significant element of human reality and the social construct. In alignment with this view, this paper comprehensively explores the popular debate on the notion of whether the existence of language variation in English can possibly encourage the language to emerge as truly neutral means of communication and correspondence. The paper incorporates scholarly articles and sociolinguistic

management accounting assignment

management accounting assignment 1. Activity: General ledger department reconciles and updates the general ledgers. Objective: The main purpose of having reconciliation in an organization is to ensure that the overall accuracy, completeness and consistency of account balance. Narrowly, it is to compare accounting information that exists in two systems or locations (‘Reconciliation of Balance Sheet Accounts’, n.d.). Jessica (n.d.) also found that reconciliation helped in identifying the misstatement in account records and file. If accountants have successfully found the errors, they must immediately update the adjustment. It is to ensure that the final completed financial reports accurately represent the financial status of the organization (Jim, S., 2008). Example: The accountant in Puspa Footwear Manufacture can agree and reconcile the journal vouchers from cost accounting and inventory subsidiary ledgers from inventory control (James A. Hall, 2013). 2. Activity: Production planning and control department determines the material and operation requirements with the inventory status report and sales forecast. Objective: The main objective of this activity is to get the right quantity of materials to the right place at the right time (Vassilis, M., 2000). By having the inventory status report and sales forecast, the management in this department will be informed with the information of reorder point, quantity on hand, quantity on order, and the sales expectation that salesmen want to achieve (â€Å"Inventory stock status by item report†, n.d.) (â€Å"Forecast and plan your sales†, n.d.). Then, this department will determine how much material is required in that batch production. It can avoid any wastage of materials indirectly. It is similar as just in time production model which goods are manufacture to meet demand, not manufactured in surplus. (â€Å"Just-in-time manufacturing†, n.d.). Example: After understanding the reports from inventory control department and marketing department, production planning control staff in Puspa Footwear Manufacture has decided the types and quantity of material required and sent purchase requisition to suppliers. 3. Activity: Production planning and control department reviews the bill of materials and route sheet. Objective: By reviewing of bill of materials (BOM) and route sheet, these two source documents have provided necessary information to plan the production schedule. The information mainly relates to the time constraints, batch sizes and specification (James A. Hall, 2010). By planning the production schedule, an organization can achieve 3 primary goals. It is to avoid the delay in completion of jobs, to well spend the time, and to maximize the utilization of equipment and machine (â€Å"Production Planning and Scheduling†, n.d.). Example: In the case study, it did mention that Production planning and control department gathered and reviewed the bill of materials and route sheet and prepared two copies of production schedules to work center and cost accounting department. 4. Activity: Employee timecards and job tickets are prepared and sent to payroll department and cost accounting department. Objective: The purpose to prepare the time cards and job tickets is to identify the attendance of workers or employees and to determine their wages or salaries. As evidence to the employees’ formal daily attendance, the payroll department will use the information in the time cards to decide whether there is bonus or commission to the employees. Besides, the job tickets are sent to cost accounting department to allocate the direct labor charges to work in process accounts. In short, by having these two valid evidences, the fairness to allocate the salaries is enhanced. Example: The production workers are required to punch the time card twice per working day (when they are going to work and when the working hour ends). 5. Activity: Cost accounting department reconciles material usage and labor usage and calculates variance. Objective: The primary objective in this activity is to monitor the current performance in production line via variance analysis. Edwards-Nutton (2008) also defined the variance accounting activity as ‘the evaluation of performance by means of variances, whose timely reporting should maximize the opportunity for managerial action.’ By interpreting the difference between the actual cost and budgeted cost, the management is able to know the efficiency and volume variances in the material usage variance. This can indirectly help to develop an understanding of the present costs and then to control the future costs. This is a kind of useful forecasting as well. Example: In the case study, the staff in cost accounting department did reconcile the material usage and labor usage and calculate the variance by using the information of move ticket, work order, job ticket, and journal voucher. The staff then updates the WIP account. 6. Activity: Production planning and control department prepared move tickets. Objective: The preparation of move tickets is actually one of the ways to detect and inspect the quality of the intermediates or spare parts of finished goods. It is to ensure that all the portion of finished goods meet the quota then only can be processed for the next stage. It is also beneficial for the management to prepare the move ticket because this activity can ensure the smooth flow of the production process. Example: In producing footwear, there are basically 4 stages. Firstly, the Clicking or Cutting Department will prepare the cutting and size of the footwear. Then the process will be handled by Closing or Machining Department, followed by Lasting Making Department and lastly Finishing Department and the Shoe Room (â€Å"Shoe Making Process†, n.d.). Therefore, between each stage, the personnel in charge are required to inspect the process and authorize it by using move tickets. Edwards-Nutton, S. (2008, March).Standard costing and variance analysis. Topic Gateway Series. RetrievedJuly12, 2014, from http://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_standard_costing_and_variance_analysis_mar08.pdf.pdf Forecast and plan your sales. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://www.infoentrepreneurs.org/en/guides/forecast-and-plan-your-sales/ Jim, S. (2008, October).General Ledger Review. Reviewing Your Ledger. RetrievedJuly12, 2014, from http://dafis.ucdavis.edu/training/docs/GLReview.pdf Jessica, K. (n.d.).How to Reconcile General Ledger Accounts | Chron.com. Retrieved July12, 2014, from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/reconcile-general-ledger-accounts-3915.html James A. Hall (2010). Principles of accounting information systems (First Asia Edition), CENGAGE Learning. James A. Hall (2013). Accounting information systems (8th edition), CENGAGE Learning. Production Planning and Scheduling. (n.d.). Retrieved July12, 2014, from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Or-Pr/Production-Planning-and-Scheduling.htm QuickBooks Support Inventory stock status by item report. (n.d.). RetrievedJuly12, 2014, from http://support.quickbooks.intuit.com/support/pages/inproducthelp/core/qb2k12/contentpackage/core/reports_description_other/rpt_inv_stock_byitem.html?family=pro Reconciliation of Balance Sheet Accounts. (n.d.). Retrieved July12, 2014. from http://policy.umn.edu/Policies/Finance/Accounting/RECONCILIATION_PROC03.htm Vassilis, M. (2000, January). Material requirement planning. Innoregio Project. Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://www.adi.pt/docs/innoregio_mrp-en.pdf Just-in-time manufacturing (JIT manufacturing). (n.d.). RetrievedJuly12, 2014, from http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/just-in-time-manufacturing-JIT-manufacturing Shoe Making Process. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.teonline.com/knowledge-centre/shoe-making-how-shoes-made.html