The Poetical Works of John Milton Essay Example For Students

The Poetical Works of John Milton Essay And God said, Let the waters generate, Reptile with spawn abundant, living soul: And let fowl fly above the earth, with wings Displayed on the open firmament of heaven. And God created the great whales, and each Soul living, each that crept, which plenteously The waters generated by their kinds, And every bird of wing after his kind; And saw that it was good, and blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, multiply, and In the seas And lakes and running streams the waters fill; And let the fowl be multiplied on the earth. John Milton (1608-1674), antics poet. Paradise Lost (l. BC. VII, l. 387-398). FM. The Complete Poetry of John Milton. We will write a custom essay on The Poetical Works of John Milton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now John T. Scarecrows, De. (1963, rev. De. 1971 ) Doubleday Hail wedded love, mysterious law, true source Of human offspring, sole propriety, In paradise of all things common else. By thee adulterous lust was driven from men Among the bestial herds to range, by thee Founded in reason, loyal, just, and pure, Relations dear, and all the charities Of father, son, and brother first were known. Far be It, that I should write thee sin or blame. Of think thee unfitting holiest place, Perpetual fountain of domestic sweets, Whose bed Is undefiled and chaste pronounced, Present, or past, as saints and patriarchs used. Here love his golden shafts employs, here lights His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings, Reigns here and revels; not in the bought smile Of harlots, loveless, Joyless, endeared, Casual fruition, nor in court amours Mixed dance, or wanton mask, or midnight ball, Or serenade, which the starved lover sings To his proud fair, best quitted with disdain. These lulled by Nightingales embracing slept, And on their naked limbs the flowery roof Showered roses, which the morn repaired. Sleep on, Blest pair; and O yet happiest If ye seek No happier state, and know to know no more. john Milton (1608-1674), antics poet. Readies Lost (l. BC. IV, l. 750-775) The Complete Poetry of John Milton. John T. Scarecrows, De. (1963, rev. De. 19 And God Be fruitful, multiply, and in the seas And let the fowl be multiplied on the earth. John Milton (1608-1674), British poet. Paradise Lost (l. BC. VI, l. 387-398). FM. The Complete Poetry of John Milton. John T. Scarecrows, De. (1963, popular Poems An E pitaph on the Admirable Dramatic Poe An Epitaph On The Marchioness Of Winches Another On The Same Arcades At a Solemn Music At A Vacation Exercise In The College, At A Vatican Exercise (excerpt) Combs (excerpts) Carjack, Whose Grandkids From Arcades From Samson Agonies I How Soon Hath Time Hymn on the Morning of Chrisms Nativity II Penrose More poems of John Milton  » Biography of John Milton John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, a scholarly man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth (republic) of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. Millions poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day. Writing in English, Latin, and Italian, he achieved international renown within his lifetime, and his celebrated Replicating, (written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship) is among historys most influential and impassioned defenses of free speech and freedom of the press. William Hallways 1796 biography called him the greatest English author, and he remains generally regarded as one of the preeminent writers in the English language; though critical reception has oscillated in the centuries since his death (often on account of his republicanism). Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as a poem which Tit respect to design may claim the first place, and with respect to performance, the second, among the productions of the human mind. Though Johnson (a Tory and recipient of royal patronage) described his politics as those of an acrimonious and surly republican. Because of his republicanism, Milton has been the subject of centuries of British partisanship (a nonconformist biography by John Tolland, a hostile account by Anthony Wood etc. ). Biography The phases of Millions life parallel the major historical and political divisions in Stuart Britain. Under the increasingly personal rule of Charles I and its breakdown in institutional confusion and war, Milton studied, traveled, wrote poetry mostly for private circulation, and launched a career as pamphleteer and publicist. Under the Commonwealth of England, from being thought dangerously radical and even heretical, the shift in accepted attitudes in government placed him in public office, and he even acted as an official spokesman in certain of his publications. The Restoration of 1660 deprived Milton, now completely blind, of his public platform, but this period saw him complete most of his major works of poetry. Millions views developed from his very extensive reading, as well as travel and experience, from his student days of the asses to the English Revolution. By the time of his death in 1674, Milton was impoverished and on the margins of English intellectual life, yet unrepentant for his political choices, and of Europe-wide fame. John Milton was born on Bread Street, London, on 9 December 1608, as the son of the composer John Milton and his wife Sarah Jeffrey. The senior John Milton (1562-1647) moved to London around 1 583 after being disinherited by his devout Catholic father, Richard Milton, for embracing Protestantism. In London, the senior John Milton reared Sarah Jeffrey (1572-1637), the poets mother, and found lasting financial success as a scrivener. He lived in, and worked from, a house on Bread Street, where the Mermaid Tavern was located in Capsized. The elder Milton was noted for his skill as a musical composer, and this talent left Milton with a lifetime appreciation for music and friendship with musicians such as Henry Laces. Millions fathers prosperity provided his eldest son with a private tutor, Thomas Young, and then a place at SST Palls School in London. There he began the study of Latin and Greek, and the classical languages left an imprint on his poetry in English he wrote also in Italian and Latin). His first datable compositions are two psalms done at age 15 at Long Pennington. One contemporary source is the Brief Lives of John Aubrey, an uneven compilation including first-hand reports. In the work, Aubrey quotes Christopher, Millions younger brother: When he was young, he studied very hard and sat up very late, commonly till twelve or one oclock at night. Milton matriculated at Chrisms College, Cambridge, in 1625 and graduated with a B. A. In 1629, ranking fourth of 24 honors graduates that year in the University of Cambridge. Preparing to become an Anglican priest, he stayed on to obtain his Master of Arts degree on 3 July 1632. Milton was probably rusticated for quarrelling in his first year with his tutor, William Chapel. He was certainly at home in the Lent Term 1626; there he wrote his Elegiac Prima, a first Latin elegy, to Charles Oddity, a friend from SST Palls. Based on remarks of John Aubrey, Chapel whip Milton. This story is now disputed. Certainly Milton disliked Chapel. Christopher Hill cautiously notes that Milton was apparently rusticated, and that the differences between Chapel and Milton may have been either religious or personal, as far as we can know. Another factor, possibly, was the plague, by which Cambridge was badly affected in 1625. Later in 1626 Millions tutor was Nathaniel Doves. At Cambridge Milton was on good terms with Edward King, for whom he later wrote Lucidly. He also befriended Anglo-American dissident and theologian, Roger Williams. Milton tutored Williams in Hebrew in exchange for lessons in Dutch. Otherwise at Cambridge he developed a reputation for poetic skill and general erudition, but experienced alienation from his peers and university life as a whole. Watching his fellow students attempting comedy upon the college stage, he later observed they thought themselves gallant men, and I thought them fools. .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .postImageUrl , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:hover , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:visited , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:active { border:0!important; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:active , .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7 .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6857248b5523dc9d4cfff44fb9a4ae7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sounds like EssayMilton, due to his hair, which he wore long, and his general delicacy of manner, was known as the Lady of Chrisms. Debates on abstruse topics, conducted in Latin. His own corpus is not devoid of humor, notably his sixth prolusion and his epitaphs on the death of Thomas Hobnobs. While at Cambridge he wrote a number of his well-known shorter English poems, among them On the Morning of Chrisms Nativity, his Epitaph on the admirable Dramatic Poet, W. Shakespeare, his first poem to appear in print, Allegro and II Penrose. Study, Poetry, and Travel Upon receiving his M. A. N 1632, Milton retired to Hammerheads, his fathers new home since the previous year. He al so lived at Horton, Berkshire, from 1635 and undertook six years of self-directed private study. Christopher Hill points out that this was not retreat into a rural or pastoral idyll at all: Hammerheads was then a suburban village falling into the orbit of London, and even Horton was becoming deforested, and suffered from the plague. He read both ancient and modern works of theology, philosophy, history, politics, literature and science, in preparation for a prospective poetical career. Millions intellectual development can be charted via entries in his commonplace book (like a scrapbook), now in the British Library. As a result of such intensive study, Milton is considered to be among the most learned of all English poets; in addition to his years of private study, Milton had command of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, and Italian from his school and undergraduate days; he also added Old English to his linguistic repertoire in the asses while researching his History of Britain, and probably acquired proficiency in Dutch soon after. Milton continued to write poetry during this period of study: his Arcades and Combs ere both commissioned for masques composed for noble patrons, connections of the Edgerton family, and performed in 1632 and 1634 respectively. Combs argues for the virtuousness of temperance and chastity. He contributed his pastoral elegy Lucidly to a memorial collection for one of his Cambridge classmates. Drafts of these poems are preserved in Millions poetry notebook, known as the Trinity Manuscript because it is now kept at Trinity College, Cambridge. In May 1638, Milton embarked upon a tour of France and Italy that lasted up to July or August 1639. His travels supplemented his study with new and direct experience of artistic and religious traditions, especially Roman Catholicism. He met famous theorists and intellectuals of the time, and was able to display his poetic skills. For specific details of what happened within Millions grand tour, there appears to be just one primary source: Millions own Defenses Seconds. Although there are other records, including some letters and some references in his other prose tracts, the bulk of the information about the tour comes from a work that, according to Barbara his sterling reputation with the learned of Europe. In , which I have always admired above all others because of the elegance, to Just of its tongue, but also of its wit, I lingered for about two months. There I at once became the friend of many gentlemen eminent in rank and learning, whose private academies I frequented -? a Florentine institution which deserves great praise not only for promoting humane studies but also for en couraging friendly intercourse. Millions account of Florence in Defenses Seconds He first went to Calais, and then on to Paris, riding horseback, with a letter from diplomat Henry Watson to ambassador John Accustomed. Through Accustomed, Milton met Hugo Grottos, a Dutch law philosopher, playwright and poet. Milton left France non after this meeting. He traveled south, from Nice to Genoa, and then to Lovelorn and Pisa. He reached Florence in July 1638. While there, Milton enjoyed many of the sites and structures of the city. His candor of manner and erudite neo-Latin poetry earned him friends in Florentine intellectual circles, and he met the astronomer Galileo, who was under virtual house arrest at Arctic, as well as others. Milton probably visited the Florentine Academy and the Academia Della Crusts along with smaller academies in the area including the Apatite and the Spotlight. He left Florence in September to continue to Rome. With the connections from Florence, Milton was able to have easy access to Romeos intellectual society. His poetic abilities impressed those like Giovanni Sailing, who praised Milton within an epigram. In late October, Milton, despite his dislike for the Society of Jesus, attended a dinner given by the English College, Rome, meeting English Catholics who were also guests, theologian Henry Holder and the poet Patrick Cary. He also attended musical events, including oratorios, operas and melodramas. Milton left for Naples toward the end of November, where he stayed only for a month because of the Spanish intro. During that time he was introduced to Giovanni Battista Manson, patron to both Torque Tasks and to Giovanni Battista Marino. Originally Milton wanted to leave Naples in order to travel to Sicily, and then on to Greece, but he returned to England during the summer of 1639 because of what he claimed, in Defenses Seconds, were sad tidings of civil war in England. Matters became more complicated when Milton received word that Oddity, his childhood friend, had died. Milton in fact stayed another seven months on the continent, and spent time at Geneva with Diktats uncle after he returned to Rome. In Defenses Seconds, Milton proclaimed he was warned against a return to Rome because of his frankness about religion, but he stayed in the city for two months and was able to experience Carnival and meet Luka s Holster, a Vatican librarian, who guided Milton through its collection. He was introduced to Cardinal Francesco Barbering who invited Milton to an opera hosted by the Cardinal. Around March Milton traveled once again to Florence, staying there for two months, attending further meetings of the academies, and spent time with friends. After leaving Florence he traveled through model of Republicanism, later important in his political writings, but he soon found another model when he traveled to Geneva. From Switzerland, Milton traveled to Paris and then to Calais before finally arriving back in England in either July or August 1639. Civil War, Prose Tracts, and Marriage On returning to England, where the Bishops Wars presaged further armed conflict, Milton began to write prose tracts against episcopacy, in the service of the Puritan and Parliamentary cause. Millions first foray into polemics was Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England (1641), followed by Of Prelatic Episcopacy, he two defenses of Smuttiness (a group of Presbyterian divines named from their initials: the TTY belonged to Millions old tutor Thomas Young), and The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelate. With frequent passages of real eloquence lighting up the rough controversial style of the period, and deploying a wide knowledge of church history, he vigorously attacked the High-church party of the Church of England and their leader, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. Though supported by his fathers investments, at this time Milton became a private schoolmaster, educating his nephews and other children of the well-to-do. This experience, and discussions with educational reformer Samuel Hartley, led him to write in 1644 his short tract, Of Education, urging a reform of the national universities. In June 1643 Milton paid a visit to the manor house at Forest Hill, Exosphere, and returned with a 16-year-old bride, Mary Powell. A month later, finding life difficult with the severe 35-year-old schoolmaster and pamphleteer, Mary returned to her family. Because of the outbreak of the Civil War, she did not return until 1645; in the meantime her desertion prompted Milton, over the next three years, to publish a rise of pamphlets arguing for the legality and morality of divorce. Anna Beer, one of Millions most recent biographers, points to a lack of evidence and the dangers of cynicism in urging that it was not necessarily the case that the private life so animated the public polemicist. ) In 1643 Milton had a brush with the authorities over these writings, in parallel with Wheezier Woodward, who had more trouble. It was the hostile response accorded the divorce tracts that spurred Milton to write Replicating, his celebrated attack on pre-printing censorship. .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .postImageUrl , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:hover , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:visited , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:active { border:0!important; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:active , .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11 .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue07a2ea4e4819bd1a3db83b016287b11:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The poets present powerful feelings EssaySecretary for Foreign Tongues With the parliamentary victory in the Civil War, Milton used his pen in defense of the republican principles represented by the Commonwealth. The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649) defended popular government and implicitly sanctioned the regicide; Millions political reputation got him appointed Secretary for Foreign Tongues by the Council of State in March 1649. Though Millions main Job description called upon to produce propaganda for the regime and to serve as a censor. In October 1649 he published Sensationalist, an explicit defense of the regicide, in response to the Xenon Basilisk, a phenomenal best-seller popularly attributed to Charles I that portrayed the King as an innocent Christian martyr. A month after Milton had tried to break this powerful image of Charles I (the literal translation of Sensationalist is the image breaker), the exiled Charles II and his party published a defense of monarchy, Defenses Regina Pro Carol Promo, written by the leading humanist Claudia Salamis. By January of the following year, Milton was ordered to write a defense of the English people by the Council of State. Given the European audience and the English Republics desire to establish diplomatic and cultural astigmatic, Milton worked more slowly than usual, as he drew on the learning marshaled by his years of study to compose a riposte. On 24 February 1652 Milton published his Latin defense of the English People, Defenses Pro Populous Anglicans, also known as the First Defense. Millions pure Latin prose and evident learning, exemplified in the First Defense, quickly made him a European reputation, and the work ran to numerous editions. In 1654, in response to an anonymous Royalist tract Regis sanguine clamor, a work that made many personal attacks on Milton, he completed a second defense of the English nation, Defenses seconds, which praised Oliver Cromwell, now Lord Protector, while exhorting him to remain true to the principles of the Revolution. Alexander Moors, to whom Milton wrongly attributed the Clamor (in fact by Peter du Million), published an attack on Milton, in response to which Milton published the autobiographical Defenses pro SE in 1655. In addition to these literary defenses of the Commonwealth and his character, Milton continued to translate official correspondence into Latin. By 1654 Milton had become totally blind, probably due to the onset of glaucoma. This forced him to dictate his verse and prose to amanuenses (helpers), one of whom was the poet Andrew Marvel. One of his best-known sonnets, On His Blindness, is presumed to date from this period. Family Milton and Mary Powell (1625-1652) had four children: Anne (born 7 July 1646) Mary (born 25 October 1648) John (16 March 1651 -June 1652) Deborah (2 May 1652 His first wife, Mary Powell, died on 5 May 1652 from complications following Deborah birth. Millions daughters survived to adulthood, but he had always a strained relationship with them. On 12 November 1656, Milton was married again, to Katherine Woodcock. She died on 3 February 1658, less than four months after giving birth to a daughter, Katherine, Milton married for a third time on 24 February 1662, to Elizabeth Mannishly (1638- 1728), the niece of Thomas Mannishly, a wealthy apothecary and philanthropist in Manchester. Despite a 31 -year age gap, the marriage seemed happy, according to John Aubrey, and was to last more than 11 years until Millions death. (A plaque on the wall of Numskulls House in Manchester describes Elizabeth as Millions 3rd and Best wife Two nephews, John Phillips and Edward Phillips, were well known as writers. They ere sons of Millions sister Anne. John acted as a secretary, and Edward was Millions first biographer. The Restoration Though Cromwell death in 1658 caused the English Republic to collapse into feuding military and political factions, Milton stubbornly clung to the beliefs that had originally inspired him to write for the Commonwealth. In 1659 he published A Treatise of Civil Power, attacking the concept of a state-dominated church (the position known as Restaurants), as well as Considerations touching the likeliest means to remove hirelings, denouncing corrupt practices in church governance. As the Republic disintegrated, Milton wrote several proposals to retain a non- monarchical government against the wishes of parliament, soldiers and the people: A Letter to a Friend, Concerning the Ruptures of the Commonwealth, written in October 1659, was a response to General Lamberts recent dissolution of the Rump Parliament Proposals of certain expedients for the preventing of a civil war now feared, written in November 1659 The Ready and Easy Way to Establishing a Free Commonwealth, in two editions, responded to General Monks march towards London to restore the Long Parliament which led to the restoration of the monarchy). The work is an impassioned, bitter, and futile Jeremiad damning the English people for backsliding from the cause of liberty and advocating the establishment of an authoritarian rule by an oligarchy set up by unelected parliament. Upon the Restoration in May 1660, Milton went into hiding for his life, while a warrant was issued for his arrest and his writings burnt. He re-emerged after a general pardon was issued, but was nevertheless arrested and briefly imprisoned before influential friends, such as Marvel, now an PM, intervened. On 24 February 1663 Milton remarried, for a third and final time, a Waistcoats, Cheshire-born woman Elizabeth (Betty) Minimums, then aged 24, and spent the remaining decade of his life living quietly in London, only retiring to a cottage Millions Cottage in Cachalot SST. Giles, his only extant home, during the Great Plague of London. Textbook, Art of Logic, and a History of Britain. His only explicitly political tracts were the 1672 Of True Religion, arguing for toleration (except for Catholics), and a translation of a Polish tract advocating an elective monarchy. Both these works were offered to in the Exclusion debate the attempt to exclude the heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the throne of England because he was Roman Catholic that would preoccupy politics in the asses and ass and precipitate the formation of the Whig party and the Glorious Revolution. Milton died of kidney failure on 8 November 1674 and was buried in the church of SST Giles Cripplingly; according to an early biographer, his funeral was attended by his learned and great Friends in London, not without a friendly concourse of the Vulgar. Published Poetry Millions poetry was slow to see the light of day, at least under his name. His first published poem was On Shakespeare (1630), anonymously included in the Second Folio edition of Shakespeare. In the midst of the excitement attending the possibility of establishing a new English government, Milton collected his work in 1645 Poems. The anonymous edition of Combs was published in 1637, and the publication of Lucidly in 1638 in Justas Eduardo King Unafraid was signed J. M. Otherwise the 1645 collection was the only poetry of his to see print, until Paradise Lost appeared in 1667. Paradise Lost Millions magnum opus, the blank-verse epic poem Paradise Lost, was composed by he blind and impoverished Milton from 1658 to 1664 (first edition) with small but significant revisions published in 1674 (second edition). As a blind poet, Milton dictated his verse to a series of aides in his employ. It reflects his personal despair at the failure of the Revolution, yet affirms an ultimate optimism in human potential. Milton encoded many references to his unyielding support for the Good Old Cause. On 27 April 1667, Milton sold the publication rights to Paradise Lost to publisher Samuel Simmons for E, equivalent to approximately E,400 income in 2008, with a rather E to be paid if and when each print run of between 1,300 and 1,500 copies sold out.

The Open Window

The Open Window Free Online Research Papers In â€Å"The Open Window† irony occurs in a variety of ways. Some of the characters demonstrate a mirror image of their names and their personalities. On the other hand, other character’s names are the complete opposite of their personalities. Vera’s name comes from words that mean truth or honesty, while in reality Vera lies and manipulates the truth due to the circumstances of her situation. Mr. Nuttel’s name on the other hand is ironic in the sense that it comes from words that mean crazy, mentally unstable, nuts, etc. and that is exactly how his character is described in the story. Mrs. Sappleton’s name however seems to come from words that demonstrate trees. This could be ironic in the way trees are stable, unyielding, and proud. It could establish how she feels about her brothers and her husband coming home. But it also signifies how proud she is of their hunting and their devotion to it. Some situational irony reveals itself when after a long awkward silence; Vera breaks the â€Å"silent communion† by starting a conversation with Mr. Nuttel. The silent communion statement is ironic in the way that the two are completely silent and the communion side represents sharing, so in a way Saki is making an ironic statement by saying that they are sharing silently. Vera breaks this silence by taking advantage of Mr. Nuttel and how he does not know anyone in the area and creates a story to scare him and make him believe that her aunt Mrs. Sappleton is crazy and unbalanced. The statement by Vera, â€Å"Then you know practically nothing about my aunt?† reveals an ironic twist for Mr. Nuttel. Vera leads him to believe that Mrs. Sappleton is crazy by explaining the loss of Mrs. Sappleton’s husband and two younger brothers death, and also the reason she keeps the window open. When eventually Mrs. Sappleton arrives, Mr. Nuttel truly believes that her husban d and two brothers are dead. Therefore, when Mr. Sappleton and the brothers return, Mr. Nuttel gets very scared and runs away as if â€Å"†¦he had seen a ghost.† When the Sappeltons comment on Mr. Nuttel’s quick departure, Vera assures the family that he left because he was scared of dogs because of a bad experience he had a couple years ago. â€Å"Romance at short notice was her specialty.† This quote describing Vera elaborates enough to allow you to see how she is portrayed. By telling Mr. Nuttel the false story of â€Å"The Open Window† Vera is creating a romanticized version of a story that maybe she views as tragic and heroic. Vera seems to almost believe herself when she gets caught up in telling Mr. Nuttel about her aunt’s â€Å"tragedy†. In conclusion, the irony within the story is demonstrated the entire way through. However, Vera is the most ironic character, due to the contrasts between her name’s meaning and her true personality. Research Papers on The Open WindowHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

World history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World history - Essay Example The battles are always between the higher powers, powers that greatly surpass our own human existence. The battle is between the gods and demons. As the story commences, we see that the Hindu god Vishnu is fighting a demon by the name of Ravana. In order for Vishnu to be able to fight Ravana successfully, he had to be reborn as a man. Vishnu, the Hindu God was therefore born as the prince Rama. From the start, deception is present. Rama and his wife Sita try to flee and live a life of solidarity and silence. During this time, the demon’s sister falls in love with Rama and tries to get him to leave his wife Sita. He was later attacked because of his negative response to the proposition laid out before him. Both Rama and his brother faught the attackers off. Ravana was still determined to get Rama so he lied and said that Rama’s wife had been mean to him and had attacked him. Ravana was trying to find a way to get at Rama and was holding a grudge. He was very upset because Rama had taken force to his sister in the act of protecting himself. It was done as self-defense. In an act of rage, Ravana ceased Rama’s wife and took her back to live with him. This was done by force. Rama gained help from the outside to get his wife back. Regardless of the situation, he was afraid that his wife had not been faithful to him and cast her out of his life. She was carrying twin boys who eventually ended up living with him. Rama eventually kills Ravana but not without a huge struggle. Rama â€Å"put† Sita through challenges. As a husband, he felt he had the right to â€Å"make sure† Sita still belonged to him. The way Rama treated Sita was immoral. But he was in reality a God. So, did he have the right to treat a human this way? As a God, Rama should know her heart, her thoughts. Rama should be aware of who she is as a person. Bringing her to his level of intelligence would have given her more dignity as a person. Abusing his

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics - Assignment Example lead to acute anemia, delay or even failure of breastfeeding, hemorrhagic shock, pituitary infarction, coagulopathy, renal failure/acute tubular necrosis, coma, prolonged hospital stay, emergency surgery or angiographic intervention, need for hysterectomy etc. In a population-based research, it has been seen that risk of PPH is 5.8% in first pregnancy whether 4-5% in a second or third time pregnancy. However, risk is more than 15% in the subsequent pregnancy. Risk of PPH and average blood loss both are greater in caesarean section operations. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) can be defined as blood loss of 500mL or even more during and at the time of childbirth. In most severe case, blood loss of 1000mL or more amount of blood loss, which can cause hemodynamic compromise. PPH can be divided in to two categories that are primary PPH and secondary PPH. Primary PPH can occur within the first 24 hours after birth where as secondary PPH can occur in between 24 hours to 6 weeks of postpartum. However, in most of the cases PPH fall under the primary PPH category  (Kapungu, Koch, Miller & Geller, n.d.). Approximately 75% of the primary PPH cases are due to ‘Uterine Atony’. Secondary PPH is due to infection or retained products of conception. In developed countries, it becomes easy to manage in hospitals but in underdeveloped and developing country urgent PPH management is necessary. Risk of PPH can be reduced by almost 50% with administering oxytocic drugs. It has been seen that routine prophylaxis can help to reduce 70% of the need of oxytocics drug to heal excessive postpartum bleeding. Oxytocin is the most preferred uterotonic among the medical practitioners. It stimulates smooth muscle tissue of the upper part of the uterus (Lalonde & others, 2013). Oxytocin helps it to contract rhythmically. It facilitates constricting blood vessels and helps in decreasing blood flow in the uterus. It is an effective and safe choice for PPH treatment. Intravenous mode of infusion is

A variety of English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A variety of English - Essay Example 29). In their discussion on language variation Becker and Bieswanger (2006, p. 174) specify that a variety of English language may stem from three distinguishable components which can be identified as 1) geographical 2) sociolects and 3) functional. As stated previously, geographic varieties are explored through the recognition of characteristics that are linked with the adoption of dialects on the basis of region. However, the notion of sociolects encompasses the critical influence of social aspects in addition with economic components as the key factors for determining the extent of language variation as it emerges as an outcome of social status, nature of job or work and affiliation with groups. Accordingly, the aspect of functional varieties is linked with the selected use of language as per the existing scenario and the specific requirements of interaction with regard to the given situation (Becker and Bieswanger 2006, p. 174). Once the basic assessment of language variation has been conducted, it is important to suggest that the concept of a standard denotes that a specific linguistic system is labeled as the norm in a society and thus distinguishes itself from the variation of linguistic systems which may exist in the same society. As an integral concept in the study of linguistics, the notion of variety has been incorporated into scholarly works and analysis to identify and apply the teachings of the discipline for comprehending the role of language as the most significant element of human reality and the social construct. In alignment with this view, this paper comprehensively explores the popular debate on the notion of whether the existence of language variation in English can possibly encourage the language to emerge as truly neutral means of communication and correspondence. The paper incorporates scholarly articles and sociolinguistic

management accounting assignment

management accounting assignment 1. Activity: General ledger department reconciles and updates the general ledgers. Objective: The main purpose of having reconciliation in an organization is to ensure that the overall accuracy, completeness and consistency of account balance. Narrowly, it is to compare accounting information that exists in two systems or locations (‘Reconciliation of Balance Sheet Accounts’, n.d.). Jessica (n.d.) also found that reconciliation helped in identifying the misstatement in account records and file. If accountants have successfully found the errors, they must immediately update the adjustment. It is to ensure that the final completed financial reports accurately represent the financial status of the organization (Jim, S., 2008). Example: The accountant in Puspa Footwear Manufacture can agree and reconcile the journal vouchers from cost accounting and inventory subsidiary ledgers from inventory control (James A. Hall, 2013). 2. Activity: Production planning and control department determines the material and operation requirements with the inventory status report and sales forecast. Objective: The main objective of this activity is to get the right quantity of materials to the right place at the right time (Vassilis, M., 2000). By having the inventory status report and sales forecast, the management in this department will be informed with the information of reorder point, quantity on hand, quantity on order, and the sales expectation that salesmen want to achieve (â€Å"Inventory stock status by item report†, n.d.) (â€Å"Forecast and plan your sales†, n.d.). Then, this department will determine how much material is required in that batch production. It can avoid any wastage of materials indirectly. It is similar as just in time production model which goods are manufacture to meet demand, not manufactured in surplus. (â€Å"Just-in-time manufacturing†, n.d.). Example: After understanding the reports from inventory control department and marketing department, production planning control staff in Puspa Footwear Manufacture has decided the types and quantity of material required and sent purchase requisition to suppliers. 3. Activity: Production planning and control department reviews the bill of materials and route sheet. Objective: By reviewing of bill of materials (BOM) and route sheet, these two source documents have provided necessary information to plan the production schedule. The information mainly relates to the time constraints, batch sizes and specification (James A. Hall, 2010). By planning the production schedule, an organization can achieve 3 primary goals. It is to avoid the delay in completion of jobs, to well spend the time, and to maximize the utilization of equipment and machine (â€Å"Production Planning and Scheduling†, n.d.). Example: In the case study, it did mention that Production planning and control department gathered and reviewed the bill of materials and route sheet and prepared two copies of production schedules to work center and cost accounting department. 4. Activity: Employee timecards and job tickets are prepared and sent to payroll department and cost accounting department. Objective: The purpose to prepare the time cards and job tickets is to identify the attendance of workers or employees and to determine their wages or salaries. As evidence to the employees’ formal daily attendance, the payroll department will use the information in the time cards to decide whether there is bonus or commission to the employees. Besides, the job tickets are sent to cost accounting department to allocate the direct labor charges to work in process accounts. In short, by having these two valid evidences, the fairness to allocate the salaries is enhanced. Example: The production workers are required to punch the time card twice per working day (when they are going to work and when the working hour ends). 5. Activity: Cost accounting department reconciles material usage and labor usage and calculates variance. Objective: The primary objective in this activity is to monitor the current performance in production line via variance analysis. Edwards-Nutton (2008) also defined the variance accounting activity as ‘the evaluation of performance by means of variances, whose timely reporting should maximize the opportunity for managerial action.’ By interpreting the difference between the actual cost and budgeted cost, the management is able to know the efficiency and volume variances in the material usage variance. This can indirectly help to develop an understanding of the present costs and then to control the future costs. This is a kind of useful forecasting as well. Example: In the case study, the staff in cost accounting department did reconcile the material usage and labor usage and calculate the variance by using the information of move ticket, work order, job ticket, and journal voucher. The staff then updates the WIP account. 6. Activity: Production planning and control department prepared move tickets. Objective: The preparation of move tickets is actually one of the ways to detect and inspect the quality of the intermediates or spare parts of finished goods. It is to ensure that all the portion of finished goods meet the quota then only can be processed for the next stage. It is also beneficial for the management to prepare the move ticket because this activity can ensure the smooth flow of the production process. Example: In producing footwear, there are basically 4 stages. Firstly, the Clicking or Cutting Department will prepare the cutting and size of the footwear. Then the process will be handled by Closing or Machining Department, followed by Lasting Making Department and lastly Finishing Department and the Shoe Room (â€Å"Shoe Making Process†, n.d.). Therefore, between each stage, the personnel in charge are required to inspect the process and authorize it by using move tickets. Edwards-Nutton, S. (2008, March).Standard costing and variance analysis. Topic Gateway Series. RetrievedJuly12, 2014, from http://www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_standard_costing_and_variance_analysis_mar08.pdf.pdf Forecast and plan your sales. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://www.infoentrepreneurs.org/en/guides/forecast-and-plan-your-sales/ Jim, S. (2008, October).General Ledger Review. Reviewing Your Ledger. RetrievedJuly12, 2014, from http://dafis.ucdavis.edu/training/docs/GLReview.pdf Jessica, K. (n.d.).How to Reconcile General Ledger Accounts | Chron.com. Retrieved July12, 2014, from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/reconcile-general-ledger-accounts-3915.html James A. Hall (2010). Principles of accounting information systems (First Asia Edition), CENGAGE Learning. James A. Hall (2013). Accounting information systems (8th edition), CENGAGE Learning. Production Planning and Scheduling. (n.d.). Retrieved July12, 2014, from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Or-Pr/Production-Planning-and-Scheduling.htm QuickBooks Support Inventory stock status by item report. (n.d.). RetrievedJuly12, 2014, from http://support.quickbooks.intuit.com/support/pages/inproducthelp/core/qb2k12/contentpackage/core/reports_description_other/rpt_inv_stock_byitem.html?family=pro Reconciliation of Balance Sheet Accounts. (n.d.). Retrieved July12, 2014. from http://policy.umn.edu/Policies/Finance/Accounting/RECONCILIATION_PROC03.htm Vassilis, M. (2000, January). Material requirement planning. Innoregio Project. Retrieved July 12, 2014, from http://www.adi.pt/docs/innoregio_mrp-en.pdf Just-in-time manufacturing (JIT manufacturing). (n.d.). RetrievedJuly12, 2014, from http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/just-in-time-manufacturing-JIT-manufacturing Shoe Making Process. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.teonline.com/knowledge-centre/shoe-making-how-shoes-made.html

Personal Narrative: My Experience in College Prep II Writing Essay

For the entirety of my undergraduate career I had the distinct ability to successfully write research papers, critical essays and journal entries. On the whole I feel that my writing was successful due to the fact that I received excellent grades as well as glowing comments of support from my professors. Please understand that I am not boasting about my grade point average, class rank or even attempting to claim that I am a good writer. However, I do feel confident in my abilities to write papers that speak directly to the question at hand while simultaneously addressing, although not necessarily adhering to, the professor’s point of interest. I must credit much of my success as an undergraduate to Mr. M of the High School English Department. My outlook on academic writing was drastically altered during the fall of 1997 with the help of Mr. M and a writing course entitled College Prep II. Any High School Senior who wishes to matriculate at a four-year college or university can enroll in College Prep II. The purpose of the course, as if it weren’t obvious from the title, is to adequately prepare outgoing seniors to write effective research papers and essays at the college level. Before I delve into the specifics of the course itself, I must briefly acquaint you with the quirky Irishman mentioned above. Mr. M came across as the type of wise old Irishman you might run into in a quaint pub and spend hours sipping Guinness, telling jokes and exchanging personal experiences with. Perhaps the reason why College Prep II became such a welcomed challenge for my classmates and I had something to do with the high level of respect Mr. M showed us. Although we were nothing more than scared, immature high school seniors, he talked to us as if... ...ard sentence structure or maybe even a few contradictory ideas would take our paper from a B+ to a C-. However, no one knew that Mr. M was not grading us solely upon our final draft, but on our ability to embrace writing as a continuous process where there is always room for improvement. Whatever the case, the methods Mr. M taught carried me through four years of college writing with relative ease, yet I never realized that I was adhering to his school of writing until I began to ponder this writing assignment. He did an excellent job emphasizing the technical structure of the process, while focusing intently on the personal or humanistic side to writing. Will my outlook on writing change during my future as a graduate student, straying from the ways of Mr. M? Probably, but I think a part of that process will always be in the back of my head, for better or for worse.

Racial Segregation – Essay

Racial Segregation Introduction The great nation of America is one of the most racially diverse countries in the world today. Practically all races in America can trace their roots from different parts of the country. From the African-American to the Korean- Americans, and the Hispanic to the Irish people, all these represent the different faces of American people. However, the co-existence of these different races has not been smooth sailing.They have experienced racial discrimination, mostly from white Americans, who felt threatened by the increasing influx of the ‘foreigners’ in America. Following Ronald Takaki view in his book ‘A different mirror’, this essay tries to explain the nature of discrimination the slaves, Mexicans and the Irish experienced from the white American people. It captures events that happened before the civil war in relation to racial discrimination, and how the affected groups responded to such actions. Discussion The African Ameri can race was first introduced in America as servants.They were remarkably few in number and served the white masters who were the Anglo Americans â€Å"†¦rather, like most of the white laborers, they were probably indentured servants† (Tikaki, 2008). Later on as their numbers increased, most of them were transformed to slaves. It is not clear though how and when this transition took place Nonetheless, in the nineteenth century, there was uproar by the citizens over the abolishment of slavery. It is this uproar that resulted to future civil rights movements and affirmative action that has been associated by the African American people.They have been the biggest minority group in the United States and have been on the forefront in spearheading the civil rights movement, with African American leaders such as Martin Luther King Junior leading the pack. The Mexican immigrants were mostly dominated by the Chinacos, a group among the Hispanic people. Their population in America supersedes that of the African Americans by far, and has lived in the United States for a longer time too. Their immigration into America was catalyzed by the Mexican- American war of 1846.The subsequent conquer of part of Northern Mexico by the Americans implied that some Mexicans were locked out their native country and became foreigners in their own land. However, a sizable number of immigrants walked to El Norte in search of greener pastures in America. As usual, they were treated with hostility by Anglo Americans and resorted to doing blue collar jobs. Their settlement in El Norte, however, has enabled them to transform the culture to date due to the large number of Mexican settlers in that city. The Irish people arrived in large numbers than most immigrants in the states.Their immigration was fueled by neighboring England’s conquest of their territory, which occurred before the colonization of America. It is for this reason that they migrated to America in search of gr eener pastures. Their reception, however, was not so welcoming, despite their similar complexion to the Anglo Americans. This was many because their catholic belief was not welcome since most Americans came from protestant backgrounds. The Americans believed that the Irish were trying to spread their catholic practices to the Americans.As such, they were segregated and mainly did casual jobs like construction. It was only after passing the naturalization law that the Irish got some reprieve. Their near complexion to the Anglo Americans enabled them to get blue collar jobs to the disadvantage of African Americans and the Chinese. They took advantage of this opportunity to promote their ethnic background, and also to secure political power. Conclusion Racial discrimination by the Anglo Americans was spread across all races as described in the discussion above.The Anglo Americans were keen to protect their ethnicity and culture, and as such did not provide avenues for the other races t o prosper as they did. Instead, they strived hard to show their superiority over the other races. They believed that increased immigration of the other races would dilute their culture as seen by their resistance to the Irish community. However, pertinent to note is that these immigrants brought with them positive change to the American people. The African Americans, for instance, have made America be known for its commitment to the principle of liberty.This, as we have seen, was brought about by the civil movement during the cold war. The Hispanians also managed to introduce a new culture that continues to be accepted and has spread widely all over the nation. In conclusion, most immigrants moving into the United States during the nineteenth century faced racial discrimination at different levels as they strived to settle in a foreign land. Bibliography Takaki, Ronald T. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown, and Co, 2008. Pr int Racial Segregation – Essay Racial Segregation Introduction The great nation of America is one of the most racially diverse countries in the world today. Practically all races in America can trace their roots from different parts of the country. From the African-American to the Korean- Americans, and the Hispanic to the Irish people, all these represent the different faces of American people. However, the co-existence of these different races has not been smooth sailing.They have experienced racial discrimination, mostly from white Americans, who felt threatened by the increasing influx of the ‘foreigners’ in America. Following Ronald Takaki view in his book ‘A different mirror’, this essay tries to explain the nature of discrimination the slaves, Mexicans and the Irish experienced from the white American people. It captures events that happened before the civil war in relation to racial discrimination, and how the affected groups responded to such actions. Discussion The African Ameri can race was first introduced in America as servants.They were remarkably few in number and served the white masters who were the Anglo Americans â€Å"†¦rather, like most of the white laborers, they were probably indentured servants† (Tikaki, 2008). Later on as their numbers increased, most of them were transformed to slaves. It is not clear though how and when this transition took place Nonetheless, in the nineteenth century, there was uproar by the citizens over the abolishment of slavery. It is this uproar that resulted to future civil rights movements and affirmative action that has been associated by the African American people.They have been the biggest minority group in the United States and have been on the forefront in spearheading the civil rights movement, with African American leaders such as Martin Luther King Junior leading the pack. The Mexican immigrants were mostly dominated by the Chinacos, a group among the Hispanic people. Their population in America supersedes that of the African Americans by far, and has lived in the United States for a longer time too. Their immigration into America was catalyzed by the Mexican- American war of 1846.The subsequent conquer of part of Northern Mexico by the Americans implied that some Mexicans were locked out their native country and became foreigners in their own land. However, a sizable number of immigrants walked to El Norte in search of greener pastures in America. As usual, they were treated with hostility by Anglo Americans and resorted to doing blue collar jobs. Their settlement in El Norte, however, has enabled them to transform the culture to date due to the large number of Mexican settlers in that city. The Irish people arrived in large numbers than most immigrants in the states.Their immigration was fueled by neighboring England’s conquest of their territory, which occurred before the colonization of America. It is for this reason that they migrated to America in search of gr eener pastures. Their reception, however, was not so welcoming, despite their similar complexion to the Anglo Americans. This was many because their catholic belief was not welcome since most Americans came from protestant backgrounds. The Americans believed that the Irish were trying to spread their catholic practices to the Americans.As such, they were segregated and mainly did casual jobs like construction. It was only after passing the naturalization law that the Irish got some reprieve. Their near complexion to the Anglo Americans enabled them to get blue collar jobs to the disadvantage of African Americans and the Chinese. They took advantage of this opportunity to promote their ethnic background, and also to secure political power. Conclusion Racial discrimination by the Anglo Americans was spread across all races as described in the discussion above.The Anglo Americans were keen to protect their ethnicity and culture, and as such did not provide avenues for the other races t o prosper as they did. Instead, they strived hard to show their superiority over the other races. They believed that increased immigration of the other races would dilute their culture as seen by their resistance to the Irish community. However, pertinent to note is that these immigrants brought with them positive change to the American people. The African Americans, for instance, have made America be known for its commitment to the principle of liberty.This, as we have seen, was brought about by the civil movement during the cold war. The Hispanians also managed to introduce a new culture that continues to be accepted and has spread widely all over the nation. In conclusion, most immigrants moving into the United States during the nineteenth century faced racial discrimination at different levels as they strived to settle in a foreign land. Bibliography Takaki, Ronald T. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown, and Co, 2008. Pr int

Free Essays on Air France-KLM

BACKGROUND On Wednesday, February 11th 2004 the merger that would create the world's third-largest airline was approved by the European Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice. Air France and the Netherlands-based KLM plan to operate two carriers under a single holding. The two airlines have agreed to form a joint holding company under which the Air France and KLM brands would co-exist for three years. Under the agreement KLM will retain its foreign landing rights even though it will join a French-led holding company. The company, Air France-KLM, will own 100 percent of both airlines but KLM will remain Dutch, with 51 percent of its voting rights held by the state and two foundations. Air France's takeover of KLM will bring the Dutch carrier into the SkyTeam alliance, currently the world's third largest. The product of the Dutch KLM and Air France merger may get even bigger as Italian airline Alitalia seeks Commission approval to join. But even if Alitalia does not come on board, the initial merger will create a competitor for European airline leviathans British Airways and Lufthansa. Additionally, KLM has alliances with Northwest and Continental airlines, while Air France has one with Delta. The partners KLM is a Dutch-based full-service carrier operating worldwide. The KLM group has four main activities: passenger air transport, cargo transport, maintenance services and the operation of charter and low-cost/low-fare scheduled services by its subsidiary Transavia. KLM operates a hub and-spoke network with its principal hub at Schiphol airport. KLM has an alliance with Northwest Airlines covering principally operations on North Atlantic routes and related feeder routes. There is currently no majority shareholder in KLM, although the Dutch State currently holds 14% of the voting rights. Air France is a French-based full-service air carrier with significant international operations. The Air France group has three main... Free Essays on Air France-KLM Free Essays on Air France-KLM BACKGROUND On Wednesday, February 11th 2004 the merger that would create the world's third-largest airline was approved by the European Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice. Air France and the Netherlands-based KLM plan to operate two carriers under a single holding. The two airlines have agreed to form a joint holding company under which the Air France and KLM brands would co-exist for three years. Under the agreement KLM will retain its foreign landing rights even though it will join a French-led holding company. The company, Air France-KLM, will own 100 percent of both airlines but KLM will remain Dutch, with 51 percent of its voting rights held by the state and two foundations. Air France's takeover of KLM will bring the Dutch carrier into the SkyTeam alliance, currently the world's third largest. The product of the Dutch KLM and Air France merger may get even bigger as Italian airline Alitalia seeks Commission approval to join. But even if Alitalia does not come on board, the initial merger will create a competitor for European airline leviathans British Airways and Lufthansa. Additionally, KLM has alliances with Northwest and Continental airlines, while Air France has one with Delta. The partners KLM is a Dutch-based full-service carrier operating worldwide. The KLM group has four main activities: passenger air transport, cargo transport, maintenance services and the operation of charter and low-cost/low-fare scheduled services by its subsidiary Transavia. KLM operates a hub and-spoke network with its principal hub at Schiphol airport. KLM has an alliance with Northwest Airlines covering principally operations on North Atlantic routes and related feeder routes. There is currently no majority shareholder in KLM, although the Dutch State currently holds 14% of the voting rights. Air France is a French-based full-service air carrier with significant international operations. The Air France group has three main...

Gaining a Competitive Edge

Gaining a Competitive Edge Abstract Business organisations operate in a highly competitive environment. Therefore, it is critical for business organisations to adopt strategies that improve their competitiveness. Companies strive to meet the needs of its stakeholders to remain competitive. Employee empowerment is one of the strategies that companies use to improve their competitiveness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gaining a Competitive Edge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employee empowerment increases employee motivation, which ultimately increases the productivity of the employees. Companies use various pricing strategies to ensure customers appreciate their products. Companies should not adopt strategies haphazardly. Successful strategies should take into consideration the unique needs and operating environment of the business organisation. Gaining a Competitive Edge Businesses exist for the sole purpose of satisfying the needs of thei r customers. Price and quality of a company’s products are the major factors that determine their competitiveness. Therefore, it is vital for businesses to harness the skills and abilities of its employees to ensure that they provide high quality services. In addition, companies should price their products favourably. There is a close relation between employee productivity and motivation. Highly motivated employees are more likely to have high productivity. Therefore, companies give special emphasis to the motivation of their employees. Organisations may use several means to motivate their employees. Employee empowerment is one the most common strategies that companies employ to motivate their employees. In addition, companies use various pricing strategies to improve their competitiveness. An efficient pricing strategy should not necessarily imply that organisations should offer low prices for their products. In some instances, offering low prices may reduce the competitiven ess of an organisation. Several successful companies use employee productivity and efficient pricing strategy to gain a competitive edge over their rivals. Business decisions form the foundation of various strategies that companies use to improve their efficiency. The decisions ultimately influence the competitiveness and profitability of the company. Therefore, it is critical for an organisation to have proper decision-making mechanisms. Progressive business leaders use employee empowerment, which incorporates subordinates of the organisation in decision-making. Empowerment increases the autonomy and discretion of employees in decision-making, and use of company resources that facilitate implementation of the decisions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sharing decision-making responsibilities within all levels of an organisation increases employees’ sense of ownership. In addition, empowerment increases the responsibility that employees have towards the outcome of company activities (Gitman McDaniel, 2008). Empowerment is a constituent of positive management, which is an optimistic psychological and leadership principle (Walters, 2010). Google’s market dominance is partially due to the company’s employee empowerment strategy. The company removed managerial hierarchies, which increased the freedom of its employees. Freedom increases the innovativeness of employees, which is critical competitive factor in the software development industry. Innovativeness increases Google’s competitiveness. Empowerment enables Google employees to take part in decision-making processes. In addition, removal of management hierarchies facilitated a faster decision making process. Companies launch new products from time to time. It is critical for a company to have an efficient pricing strategy to ensure that customers appreciate the pro ducts. This would facilitate market dominance of the product. There are four stages in the product life cycle. These include introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Introduction is one of the most important stages in the product life cycle. Penetration pricing is one of the most common pricing strategies that companies employ in launching new products. Penetration pricing is a strategy where companies launch products with an initial entry price that is lower than the prevailing price of rival products. Low price of products provides the necessary incentive for customers to switch to the new products. Market penetration strategy reduces the short-term revenue and profitability of a company. However, in the long term, the companies reap huge financial rewards as they seize a huge market share (Havaldar, 2005). The huge financial rewards during the maturity stage of the product life cycle warrant the low price of the product during the introduction phase of the product life cycle (Kotler et al, 2010). Samsung uses penetration pricing to ensure gradual acceptance of the company’s products by customers. Efficient use of penetration pricing is one of the main factors that makes Samsung be the largest manufacturer of flat screen televisions. In addition, penetration marketing has facilitated the success of the Galaxy smartphone. On the other hand, Apple, Samsung’s main rival in manufacture of smartphones, does not use penetration pricing. Apple targets the acceptance of its products in key markets (Kapferer, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gaining a Competitive Edge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Companies use various strategies to gain a competitive edge over their rivals. Companies ensure that their employees are highly productive and consumers appreciate their products. Employee empowerment is one of the strategies that companies adopt to increase employee productivity. On the other hand, companies use penetrative pricing to ensure customers appreciate the company’s products. However, use these strategies does not guarantee the eventual success of the company. Companies should consider their unique needs and operating environment before adopting the strategies. References Gitman, L.J. McDaniel, C. (2008). The future of business: The essentials. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Havaldar, K.K. (2005). Industrial marketing: Text and cases. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Kapferer, J. (2012). The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Kotler, P., Lee, N., Farris, P.W., Bendle, N.T., Pfeifer, P.E., Reibstein, D.J., †¦ Reece, M. (2010). Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press Delivers. Walters, J. H. (2010). Positive management: Increasing employee productivity. New York: Business Expert Press.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

3003 3b Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3003 3b - Essay Example Accounting has its own specialist terms and vocabulary which is used to disseminate accounting-specific knowledge. For this reason, literacy development is important in reading and understanding accounting theories and concepts successfully. Major subjects like Accounting also involve extensive academic writing for which literary understanding is quite useful. Kerry Dirk has dedicated an entire essay explaining the importance of genre-specific knowledge in writing. Dirk describes how genres can be told from one another and he mentions that knowledge about a particular subject or genre is significant in understanding its meaning efficiently and accurately (249). Giving the example of a joke about country music, the author explains that understanding the joke requires a previous knowledge of the country music genre and its other elements. Similar is the case in writing where every major subject is symbolized by its distinct use of language, format, genres, jargons, and so on. For this reason, literary knowledge not only helps in understanding important concept but also helps in advancing the knowledge bank. Accounting is one major discipline which may use complex language in the sense that their meanings could differ in the accounting context as opposed to their common usage. In order to develop the literacy skills that help in understanding and absorbing accounting terminology and language, journal reading helps remarkably. My preparation for my majors in Accounting involved extensive gathering of accounting knowledge including current developments in the financial sector. Remaining updated with the latest information from the industry is also a major part of developing literacy skills. Reading assists in developing the necessary accounting-specific word bank and it also familiarizes an individual with the terms and their meanings which could later be used as a reference to an accounting concept. Reading academic accounting

Affordable care act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Affordable care act - Essay Example The Act paves the way for the construction more health centers and National Health Service Corps at a cost of $12.5 billion across the period 2011-2015. The measures in the Act reduce the cost of coverage for ordinary citizens. In fact, the Affordable Care Act is expected to reduce the number of citizens without insurance by 50% (Rosenbaum, 2011). The employers, pharmaceutical companies, and medical equipment manufacturers contribute a tax towards the general health of the public. Thus, the Act covers citizens regardless of age, gender, and race, thereby allowing for a healthy population. The affordable care act leaves a huge role for nurses. The Act provides for health promotion and insists on primary care. Such roles are dedicated to nurses. In the Act, nurses have a responsibility of ensuring that common health problems are contained at the source by communicating health information to the people and prevent vulnerabilities. By so doing, nurses reduce the pressure on healthcare system, thus reducing the cost of healthcare. The point implies that the role of nurses has widened due to the implementation of the Act. Department of Human and Social Services. (2013, September 11). Improving the Public’s Health through the Affordable Care. Retrieved from